Ming-Tsuen Hsieh 謝明村

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Dr. Ming-Tsuen Hsieh (December 28, 1939 - August 4, 2024) was the 13th chancellor of China Medical University in Taichung, Taiwan.

This website serves as a memorial of his half-century-long academic career in applying Western methods to Chinese medicine, with his research spanning neuropharmacology, biochemistry, and pharmacognosy.

A Life's Work

All resources on this website are strictly provided for academic research and personal use.

[Ref] links without abbreviations refer to the original publisher or distributor of the book, patent, or journal article. The following are abbreviations for additional resource references.

Books

Dr. Hsieh wrote several books on pharmacology and Chinese medicine.

  1. 謝明村 (1978)。調劑學。昭人出版社，台北。[Ref] [Ref WorldCat]
    Hsieh, M.T. (1978). Dispensing Pharmacy. Chao Ren Publishing House, Taipei.
  2. 謝明村、等 (1988)。中國藥材學。Chinese Material Medica. 正中書局，台北。[Ref] [Ref WorldCat]
    Hsieh, M.T. (1988). Chinese Material Medica. Cheng Chung Book Company, Taipei.
  3. 謝明村、祁公任、嚴永清 (1995)。中藥學概論。國立中國醫藥研究所，台北。[Ref] [Ref WorldCat]
    Hsieh, M.T., Qi, G.R., & Yen, Y.C. (1995). An Introduction to Chinese Medicine. National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei.
  4. 蕭培根、謝明村 (1997)。中國本草圖錄，卷十二。香港商務印書局，香港。[Ref] [Ref WorldCat]
    Xiao, P.G., & Hsieh, M.T. (1997). An Illustrated in Chinese Materia Medica Vol. XII. The Commercial Press, Hong Kong.
  5. 張永勳、謝明村 (1998)。中藥調劑學。國立中國醫藥研究所，台北。[Ref] [Ref WorldCat]
    Chang, Y.S., & Hsieh, M.T. (1998). Dispensing of Chinese Medicine. National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei.
  6. 謝明村、祁公任、嚴永清 (1999)。方劑學。Formulation of Chinese Medicine. 國立中國醫藥研究所，台北。[Ref] [Ref WorldCat]
    Hsieh, M.T., Qi, G.R., & Yen, Y.C. (1995). Formulation of Chinese Medicine. National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei.

Patents

Identical patents registered in multiple countries are grouped together. A translation is provided if an English-language patent is not available.

  1. 謝明村、吳龍源、黃克峰、蔡輝彥、賴貞秀 (1992)。甲狀腺機能亢進症治療劑。台灣專利第 185467 號。台北：中華民國經濟部智慧財產局。[Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    一種以含有延胡索乙素為有效成分之甲狀腺機能亢進病治療劑。延胡索乾燥塊莖之研磨細粉經甲醇連續萃取、過濾、混合並減壓濃縮至乾燥而得甲醇層萃取物，再運用分配分離法分別得氯仿Ａ層，氯仿Ｂ層，正丁醇層及水層，其中氯仿Ｂ層利用矽膠柱層分離並經不同溶媒梯度沖提，及薄層層析分離，得原小蘗生物鹼並由其中分離出延胡索乙素。經以延胡索氯仿層、甲醇層、水層與正丁醇層測定出各液層對 L-T4 誘發雌性大鼠甲狀腺機能亢進及正常大鼠甲狀腺機能之影響，再由最具藥效之氯仿Ｂ層萃取物中經純化之延胡索乙素探討對正常妊娠及 L-T4 誘發大鼠甲狀腺亢進症妊娠期間甲狀腺機能之變化及測血中 TSH(促甲狀腺激素)，膽固醇及三甘油脂濃度之影響，並以抗甲狀腺藥丙硫尿嘧啶(PTU)，生理食鹽水各作為正、負對照。
    Hsieh, M. T., & Wu, L. Y. (1993). Therapeutic composition for treating hyperthyroidism. U.S. Patent No. 5,242,926. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The composition includes dl-tetrahydropalmatine mixed with its carrier having pharmaceutical therapeutical effect for treating hyperthyroidism. The dl-tetrahydropalmatine may be purified from a chloroform layer extracted from a Corydalis tuber.
    シェイ ミン ツン, & ウ ロン エン. (1994). 甲状腺機能亢進症の治療劑. 日本特公平第 06-080010 号. 東京都千代田区: 日本特許庁. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    下記式 (I) を表わすで示されゐ延胡索 II(DL-tetrahydropalmatine)，またその鹽を有效成分とすゐ甲状腺機能亢進症の治療劑。yanhusuo
  2. 謝明村、林穎聰 (2003)。增強智能之醫藥組成物。台灣專利第 559557 號。台北：中華民國經濟部智慧財產局。[Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本發明揭露一種用於增強智能、預防及/或治療智能障礙之醫藥組成物，包括（i）50 ~ 100 毫克/公斤之阿魏酸（ferulic acid）或其藥學上可接受的鹽類；以及（ii）藥學上可接受的載體或賦形劑；本發明之醫藥組成物可有效於治療學習獲得障礙、記憶鞏固障礙以及記憶再現障礙。
    Hsieh, M.T., & Lin, Y.T. (2003). Intelligence-enhancing pharmaceutical composition. Taiwan Patent No. 559,557. Taipei: Taiwan Intellectual Property Office.
    Abstract
    A medical composition for enhancing intelligence and prevention and/or treatment of intelligence hindrance comprises: (i) 50 to 100 mg/kg of ferulic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The invented pharmaceutical composition can be effectively used in the treatment of learning hindrance, memory secure hindrance, and memory recall hindrance.
  3. 謝明村、呂明進、彭文煌、李威著 (2006)。用於治療及預防記憶衰退之醫藥組合物。台灣專利第 I259771 號。台北：中華民國經濟部智慧財產局。[Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本發明係關於大黃素（emodin）用於加強記憶鞏固之用途。更特別地，本發明係關於一種治療及/或預防諸如因記憶鞏固障礙所引起之記憶衰退、健忘症等之醫藥組合物，其主要包含大黃素作為有效成分。
    Hsieh, M.T., Lu, M.C., Peng, W.H., & Lee, V.J. (2006). A medical composition for treatments and prevention of memory loss. Taiwan Patent No. I259771. Taipei: Taiwan Intellectual Property Office.
    Abstract
    The invention is concerning the use of emodin to promote the memory consolidation. In particular, the invention is concerning a kinds of treatments and/or prevention of memory lose. Its major active constituents contain emodin.
  4. Pan, I. H., Chiou, H. H., Lu, C. H., Ju, C. T., Fan, W. L., Peng, W. H., & Hsieh, M. T. (2006). Composition for treating diseased liver. U.S. Patent No. 7,150,886. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The present invention relates to a composition for liver protection and a preparing method of the same, the processes are as follows: grinding Artemisiae Capillaris and Gardeniae Fructus, mixing with pure water, and boiling the mixture. Then, adding the Rhei Rhizoma alcohol solution into the mixture for extraction to form the first solid phase and the first liquid phase, further concentrating the first liquid phase to form a concentrate, and adding alcohol into the concentrate for precipitation to form the second solid phase and second liquid phase, and separating the second solid phase and drying.
  5. Pan, I. H., Hsieh, Y. M., Huang, Z. J., Chiu, H. H., Ju, C. T., Lu, C. H., ..., & Hsieh, M. T. (2008). Method for producing extracts of Boehmeria frutescens Thunb. or Boehmeria nivea for hepatitis treatment. U.S. Patent No. 7,431,946. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    A pharmaceutical mixture for the treatment of hepatitis and its preparation method are disclosed. The method includes the following steps: pulverize the plants, macerate and extract the plant with water, concentrate the aqueous extract as the first concentrate; add ethanol to form a precipitate, collect and concentrate the liquid phase to form the second concentrate, and dry it; pass the second concentrate through the resin, elute with water, water-ethanol mixture and ethanol, collect and concentrate the water-ethanol and ethanol elution fraction as the third concentrate, and dry it. The plants in the present invention are Boehmeria frutescens Thunberg, Boehmeria nivea or the nettle family.
    一紅 潘, 右銘 謝, 志傑 黄, 惜禾 邱, 朝庭 朱, 居勲 呂, 佩宜 蔡, い倫 范, 文煌 彭, & 明村 謝. (2009). 肝臓病治療用医薬組成物及びその製造方法. Japan Patent No. 4220426. 日本特公平第 4220426 号. 東京都千代田区: 日本特許庁. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • 肝臓病治療用医薬組成物の製造方法において、
      • (a) 植物を粉砕後、水で湿潤させ並びに煎煮し水抽出液を形成する工程、
      • (b) 該水抽出液を濃縮して第１濃縮液となす工程、
      • (c) 該第１濃縮液にエタノールを加えて沈殿物を生成させ、分離した固相と液相を形成し、液相層を収集する工程、
      • (d) 液相層を濃縮して第２濃縮液となす工程、
      • (e) 第２濃縮液を大孔吸着樹脂或いはイオン交換樹脂に通す工程、
    • 該植物は学名 Boehmeria frtescents Thunberg 或いは Boehmeria nivea より選択することを特徴とする、肝臓病治療用医薬組成物の製造方法。
    潘一紅、謝右銘、黃志傑、邱惜禾、朱朝庭、呂居勳、蔡佩宜、范瑋倫、彭文煌、謝明村 (2010)。肝炎治療藥物的生產方法及其產品。台灣專利第 I334782 號。台北：中華民國經濟部智慧財產局。[Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本發明為肝炎治療藥物的生產方法及其產品，特別是治療肝病用醫藥組成物及其製備方法，包括下列步驟：粉碎植物後，以水浸潤並煎煮成水萃取液；濃縮水萃液為第一濃縮液；加入酒精使生成沉澱物；取液相層濃縮為第二濃縮液並乾燥之；將上述第二濃縮液流經樹脂塔，再先後以水、水/酒精混合溶液及酒精進行沖提，收集水/酒精混合溶液之沖提液及酒精之沖提液，再混合水/酒精混合溶液沖提液及酒精沖提液，並將混合沖提液濃縮為第三濃縮液，最後乾燥。本發明所使用之植物為山苧麻、苧麻或其同屬之植物。
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Dr. Ming-Tsuen Hsieh (leftmost) at the University of Oradea, Romania

Journal Articles

Most journal articles published in Chinese-language journals in Taiwan include an English-language title and abstract, which are included below when available.

  1. 謝明村 (1973)。膜衣錠之錠衣材料研究。私立中國醫藥學院研究年報，4 1973.06 [民 62.06]，83-89。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    用 Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose 分散於 Chloroform 及 Isopropyl alcohol 等量混合液中後，加強溶劑 Methylene chloride，再加薄膜形成助劑 Ethyl cellulose，cellulose acetate butylate，及可塑劑 propylene glycol，Polyethylene glycol 6000 等。最後添加 Titanium dioxide，當作 Film coating solution，其膜衣錠保存一年後，扇散度良好，色澤鮮艷明亮。本文並討論膜衣錠之操作方法應注意事項。
    Hsieh, M.T. (1973). Studies on Coating Materials for Film Coating. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 4, 83-89.
    Abstract
    • This paper deals with the pharmaceutical studies on film coating. Certain basic drawbacks of sugar coating, the most significant being the very lengthy coating time necessary, led to the inveatigation of other type of tablet Coating (film coating).
    • The best formulas for the film coating solution were those containing 5% Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose, 1.2% Ethyl Cellulose, 1.0% Cellulose Acetate Butylate, 0.2% Propylene Glycol, 0.2% Polyethylene Glycol 6000, 1.5% Titanium Dioxide in Methylene chloride, Chloroform and Isopropyl Alcohol. The basic film composition was easily colored by the addition of suitable pigments and showed good disintegration and stability characteristics.
    • Film coated tablets showed complete edge coverage and high tablet-to-tablet and batch-to-batch uniformity. Its disintegration and stability results are summarized in Table III. Table IV.
    • This paper also has particular utility in research studies with new film compositions.
  2. 魏吉恆、那琦、謝明村 (1976)。臺灣產藥材加工及貯藏之檢討研究(1)：臺灣產藥材硫黃加工法之檢討及硫黃殘餘量之研究。私立中國醫藥學院研究年報，7 1976.06 [民 65.06]，125-170。
    Wei, C.H., Na, C., & Hsieh, M.T. (1976). Studies in the processing and storing of Chinese crude drugs produced in Taiwan (I): Research on the processing of Chinese crude drugs produced in Taiwan by fumigating with sulfur and determination of sulfur residues. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 7, 125-170. [Ref NCL] (corr.)
  3. 謝明村, 石田啓一郎, 山田博一, 綿谷文, 藤田允信, 遠藤任彦, 渋谷健. (1979). 44. 1-phenyl-5-methyl-8-chloro-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2,4-diketo-3H-1,5,-Benzodiazepine(1,5BZP)の行動薬理学的研究特にラット自発運動に及ぼす影響. 東京医科大学雑誌, 37(5), 744-744. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • 1,5 BZP は従来からの benzodiazepine 誘導体となり、ヘテロ環の 1,4 位の N 原⼦が、1,5 の位置に含まれる新しい化合物である。本物質の薬理作⽤、並びにその作⽤機序に関してはいまだ不明な点が多い。
    • 今回，我々は 1,5 BZP の作⽤機序の⼀端を解明することを⽬的として、⾏動薬理学的な検索を⾏ない、diazepam (DZP) と比較検討したので報告する。
    • 動物は体重約 200g の SD 系雄性 rat を⽤いた。実験には Animex 装置を使⽤し、3 時間に亘って⾃発運動量 spontaneous motor activity (SMA) を測定した。1,5 BZP は 1, 10 mg/kg (i.p.) で SMA 制作用を示し、1,5 BZP ＞ DZP の強さであった。1,5 BZP の効果は、α-methyl-p-tyrosine 前処置で変化なく、p-chlorophenylalanine 前処置では 1 mg/kg で抑制を増強し、10 mg/kg では減弱した。また d-methamphetamine の SMA 増⼤効果を著明に増強した。これらの結果は、1,5 BZP の SMA 抑制作⽤には、脳内 serotonin, catecholamine neurone が関与することを⽰唆している。
  4. 石田啓一郎, 山田博一, 謝明村, 佐藤勝彦, 渋谷健. (1980). 3.高速液体クロマトグラフィー (HPLC) による生理活性物質微量測定法の薬理学的応用. 東京医科大学雑誌, 38(5), 718-718. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    ⾼速液体クロマトグラフィー (HPLC) を⽤いて、脳内 dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA)，および serotonin (5-HT) とそれらの代謝産物である vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindol acetic acid (5-HIAA) の同時測定を検討した。実験には、SD 雄性ラット (体重 200 ～ 250g) を⽤い、測定には全脳を摘出し、0.025 N HCl, 0.1 M EDTA でホモジナイズ後、検体を有機溶媒層に移⾏分離し、アミン類は酸性溶液に、代謝産物はアルカリ溶液に溶出させ、各々 5-10 µl のサンプルを HPLC に注入した。カラムは Bondapak Phenyl (4×30cm) を使⽤し、⽔、メタノールを移動相とした。なお 370 型 Data Module (Waters) を⽤いて同時測定を⾏ない、測定値をコンピュータ処理によって算出した。サンプルは、流速 2 ml/min で VMA, NA, DA, 5-HIAA, HVA, 5-HT の順に約 20min で分離溶出され、100 ～ 200 pg まで分離検出可能であった。
  5. 謝明村、澁谷健 (1980)。Cyclazocine 對大白鼠行動刺激活性及腦內 Monoamines 影響之研究。私立中國醫藥學院研究年報，11 1980.06 [民 69.06]，15-26。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • Morphine 之拮抗藥 nalorphine 對於人類顯示有鎭痛效果，但無 morphine-like 之成癮性，這種麻醉藥拮抗性鎭痛劑(narcotic antagonist analgesics)已被廣泛地研究至今。cyclazocine 和 pentazocine 於 1960 年卽被合成成功，其構造式均帶有 benzomorphan 基，而 cyclazocine 對於 morphone 具有很強之拮抗作用，且具有比 pentazocine 強，略與 morphone 相等之鎭痛作用。但是這些麻醉藥拮抗性鎭痛劑對於人類常會產生精神異常誘發作用（Psychotomimetic effects），並對於動物會產生一種奇異行動(bizarre behavior)。迄至目前擬由動物實驗所產生之奇異行動，來推測對人類所產生之精神異常誘發作用，探討此二者相關性之方法，雖然尚未確定，但是 Schneider 氏由大白鼠所產生之精神奇異行動與對人所產生之幻覺作用（hallucinogenic effects）之相關性，曾加以研究，得到很有意義之結果。
    • 今著者以 cyclazocine 所引起奇異行動之各種症狀，以肉眼觀察，同時測定其自發運動量(spontaneous locomotor activity)之變化爲指標，探討：（1）奇異行動與自發運動量，及此二種行動活性之關連性；（2）naloxone 對於這二種行動活性之效果；及（3）對於腦內 monoamine 濃度之影響，從事以下之實驗。
    Hsieh, M.T., & Shibuya, T. (1980). Psychopharmacological Effects of Cyclazocine. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 11, 15-26.
    Abstract
    • Studies were made of the effects of the modulating mechanism of opiate receptor and/or brain monoamine system (MAS) on the characteristic bizarre behavior and hyperactivity induced by cyclazocine (C), pentazocine (P) and nalorphine (NP) in rats.
      • (1) Motor activity: Enhancement of motor activity was caused by C, P and NP, and the order of the intensity was C>P>NP. When combined with naloxone, no obvious antagonism was observed.
      • (2) Bizarre behavior: With C, appearance of bizarre behavior was observed in a high frequency, and it did not completely disappear with the treatment of naloxone.
      • (3) Brain monoamines: Dose-dependent decrease in dopamine concentration was observed with C and P, and decrease in serotonin concentration was observed with P.
    • These results suggest that such actions as (1) and (2) correlate indirectly with MAS through brain opiate receptor system and by partially different mechanisms.
  6. 林正朗, 石田啓一郎, 山田博一, 平重徳, 謝明村, 渋谷健. (1981). 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid (CH-800) の薬理学的検索 特に中枢神経系におよぼす影響. 東京医科大学雑誌, 39(2), 243-252. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • イタリア LPB 社で開発された：4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid（⼀般名 Fentiazac，以下 CH-800 と略記）は、抗炎症作⽤を有し、その作⽤強度は Phenylbutazone や Indomethacin などと比較して中間で、他の非ステロイド系抗炎症薬と同様に下垂体⼀副腎系を介さない抗炎症作⽤を有するといわれている。また、抗炎症作⽤量で下熱鎮痛作⽤を有し、ラット adjuvant 関節炎における therapeutic ratio は Phenylbutazone や Indomethacin などと比較して⼤きいといわれている。⼀⽅、抗炎症作⽤量の 40 倍量においても毒性はみられず、胃損傷作⽤も比較的弱いことが報告されている。
    • 本論⽂では、未だ報告のみられない中枢神経系におよぼす影響について CH-800 の薬理作⽤を明確にするために Tiaramide hydrochloride（以下 Tiaramide と略記）を比較対照薬として検索を⾏ない⼀定の知⾒を得たので報告する。
    Hayashi, M., Ishida, k., Yamada, H., Taira, S., Hsieh, M.T., & Shibuya, T. (1981). Pharmacological studies of 4-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid (CH-800), especially on the central nervous system. The Journal of Tokyo Medical College, 39(2), 243-252.
    Abstract
    • CH-800 is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
    • The main pharmacological action has been investigated by Brown, K et al. and others.
    • The authors obtained the following results from several behavioral pharmacological experiments on the central action of CH-800.
    • CH-800 had no effect on the naive behavior in those doses up to 400 mg/kg (p.o.) in mice and 500 mg/kg (p.o.) in rats.
    • On the locomotor activity, rotarod test, traction test, MES, Reserpine-induced ptosis, Methamphetamine group toxicity, and Apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, CH-800 had no effect in those doses up to 400 mg/kg (p.o.) in mice and 200 mg/kg (p.o.) on the conditioned avoidance behavior in rats.
    • CH-800 had no effect on the EEG activity in rabbits or spinal reflex in cats in those doses up to 40 mg/kg (i.v.).
    • In conclusion, CH-800 had no remarkable effect on the central nervous system activity in the anti-inflammatory doses through the above experiments.
  7. 佐藤勝彦, 謝明村, 高須矯, 石田啓一郎, 相沢潔, 道永啓以智, 渋谷健. (1981). Rauwolfia alkaloid 誘導体, Rescimetol のラット脳内 Monoamine におよぼす薬理学的研究. 東京医科大学雑誌, 39(2), 275-285. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • Rauwolfia alkaloids は精神安定薬として使用され、さらに血圧下降作用を有する薬物である。しかしながら、従来より使用されてきた rauwolfia alkaloids の 1 つである reserpine は、連用によって高血圧症の治療上、抑うつ状態をはじめ好ましくない副作用を誘発することが欠点とされている。以来 reserpine の構造を化学的に修飾することにより、中枢神経系に影響の少ない化合物の開発が検討されている。
    • すでに reserpine の構造を一部化学的に修飾することにより、中枢作用を減弱化した rescinnamine，deserpine の出現をみた。さらに Kametanil は、rescinnamine の 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl 基を 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl 基に置換した methyl-0-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl) reserpate (rescimetol) を合成した。
    • Okamoto and Aoki によって作られた。自然発症高血圧ラット（SHR）を用い、Kato らは、rescimetol の降圧作用を検討し、syrosingopine よりも強く、rescinnamine と同程度であることを報告している。
    • Reserpine は高血圧症の治療薬として広く用いられているが、長期連用により、抑うつ状態、倦怠感、鼻閉、下痢、眩暈、精力減退等の副作用の誘発があるとされている。したがって、これら副作用の少ない同族 alkaloid の開発が行われ、Lucas により開発された syrosingopine は、血圧下降作用は reserpine に近く中枢作用は弱いとされ、reserpine 誘導体として合成されたものである。さらに、rauwolfia alkaloid 誘導体として合成された rescimetol は、中枢作用は著しく弱いと報告されている化合物である。
    • 今回、rescimetol を中心として、rescinnamine，syrosingopine および reserpine を用いて、中枢神経系への影響、特にラット脳内 monoamine に対する作用を、生化学的、蛍光組織化学的に比較検討し、一定の成果を得たので報告する。
    Sato, K., Hsieh, M.T., Takasu, T., Ishida, K., Aizawa, K., Michinaga, K., & Shibuya, T. (1981). The Pharmacological study on the effect of Rescimetol, Rauwolfia Alkaloid derivatives, on monoamines in rat brain. The Journal of Tokyo Medical College, 39(2), 275-285.
    Abstract
    • A comparative study was made biochemically and fluorescent-histochemically concerning the effects on monoamine in rat brain, using rescinnamine, syrosingopine, reserpine, and especially centering around rescimetol.
      • 1) The influences of rescimetol in doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg (p.o.) on the content of dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain show a similar reduction to syrosingopine, whereas rescinnamine shows a significant reduction and reserpine reveals the strongest reducing action.
    • On the other hand, in fluorescent-histochemical examination, the changes of monoamine neurons in the brain in the 5 mg/kg (p.o.) administration are as follows:
      • 2) The catecholamine fluorescence in the nuc. locus ceruleus, median eminence, and substantia nigra (A10) hardly shows any change with rescimetol or syrosingopine, but it reveals a tendency toward diminution with rescinnamine, and reserpine causes a diminution and also makes obscure the minute structure of cell groups.
      • 3) The 5-HT fluorescence in the nuc. raphe dorsalis, nuc. raphe medianus, and lemniscus medialis of the midbrain hardly reveals any change with rescimetol or syrosingopine, it is reduced with rescinnamine, and its disappearance with reserpine is recognized.
    • From these results, it is assumed that monoamine neurons in the brain are involved as one of the central acting mechanisms of rauwolfia alkaloids. However, respective drugs have different intensities in their actions against central monoamines, and concerning pharmacological actions in general, there are various drugs possessing weak CNS actions and those having strong CNS actions, like reserpine. It seems to suggest the correlations with the action intensity against monoamines in the brain.
  8. Hsieh, M.T., & Shibuya, T. (1981). The Effects of Clobazam and Diazepam on Central Catecholaminergic System. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 12, 101-110. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The effects of the 1,5-benzodiazepine clobazam and diazepam were evaluated with regard to behavioral locomotor changes in rats. Diazepam was more active than clobazam in reducing locomotor activity. The stimulation of locomotor activity induced by L-DOPA plus benserazide, and methaphetamine was significantly counteracted by diazepam but unaffected by clobazam. Hypomotility produced by α-methyl-p-tyrosine was markedly augmented with both drugs. It is concluded that both benzodiazepines may exert their behavioral depressant effects by reducing catecholaminergic activity. Diazepam is more effective than clobazam in reducing catecholaminergic activity.
    謝明村、澁谷健 (1981)。Clobazam 及 diazepam 對中樞兒茶胺之影響。私立中國醫藥學院研究年報，12 1981.06 [民 70.06]，101-110。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究爲探討 clobazam（1,5-benzodiazepine）與 diazepam 對⼤⽩鼠⾏爲運動量之影響，以進⾏其評價。Diazepam 抑制運動量比 clobazam 強︔由 L-DOPA 加 benserazide，及 methamphetamine 所引起⾃發運動量增強作⽤被 diazepam 所抑制，但不被 clobazam 所抑制︔由 α-MT 所引起運動量抑制作⽤，⼆者均能加強。因此 benzodiazepines 之⾏為抑制作⽤可能與減低兒茶胺之活性有關，且 diazepam 減低兒茶胺之活性則比 clobazam 強。
  9. 謝明村 (1981)。臺灣藜蘆對於中樞神經系之藥理件用研究。私立中國醫藥學院研究年報，12 1981.06 [民 70.06]，111-120。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    藜盧著錄於避農本草經，列爲下品，以後歷代諸家本草均有收載，用於大吐上膈風涎，開風癇病。關於其來源，依文獻係指為百合科（Liliaceae），藜蘆屬（Veratrum）多種植物之根莖；主要有黑藜蘆（Veratrum nigrum Linn.）、綠藜蘆（Veratrum viride Aiton）及白藜蘆(Veratrum album Linn.)等。其成分、藥理之研究已極為詳盡。具有降壓作用，對小白鼠之血吸蟲之成蟲及幼蟲有殺蟲作用，於試管內對皮膚眞菌有抑制作用。又藜蘆脂類生物鹼（esteralkaloid）具有特殊的降壓及致嘔吐的作用機轉，且因對易興奮細胞（excitable cell）的細胞膜可增加膜對鈉之傳導，對心臟、肌肉、神經皆有作用；甚至能使多種神經傳達物質釋出。而臺灣產之臺灣藜蘆（Veratrum formosanum Loesen）迄未見採用，其理作用亦未見報告，因此進行藥理學之研究。首先確認其是否具有類藜蘆脂生物鹼之對血壓、呼吸之作用，然後進行一系列對中樞神經系統影響之研究，以資臺灣產藥材資源之開發。
    Hsieh, M.T., Lin, W.C., Tan, T.W., & Shibuya, T. (1981). The effects of Veratrum formosanum Loesen on the central nervous system. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 12, 111-120.
    Abstract
    Veratrum formosanum Loesen is an endemic plant in Taiwan. Its pharmacological effects had not been reported, therefore we study the effects of the crude water extract of V. formosanum Loesen (VFS) on the blood pressure, respiratory system & central nervous system. The following results were obtained:
    • (1) The LD50 and 95% confidence limits of VFS to Albino Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection were 325.0 mg/kg and 276.0 - 382.0 mg/kg, by intravenous injection were 100 mg/kg and 62.0-161.3 mg/kg.
    • (2) In anesthetized rabbits VFS effects on the respiratory system is like veratrum ester alkaloid. The effect of apnea was abolished by section of the bilateral cervical vagi.
    • (3) In anesthetized rabbits VFS lowered the blood pressure like veratrum ester alkaloid. The action of VFS was abolisned by section of the bilateral cervical vagi and blocked of the carotid sinus nerve, but not by either produced alone.
    • (4) Motor activity: VFS 15 mg/kg showed significantly increase the motor activity during the 3-4th hour. VFS 30 and 60 mg/kg caused a dose-related decrease in the motor activity during the first hour, but the counts were significantly increased at the 4-5th hour. The depression effect of VFS 30 mg/kg was enchanced by α-MT 100mg/kg.
    • (5) VFS might cause hyperthermic effect in rabbits.
    • (6) VFS 30 mg/kg prolonges the time interval from the onset of metrazole-induced convulsion to death.
  10. 謝明村 (1981)。臺灣產藥材之藥理學研究（5）臺灣產西施花（Rhododendron Ellipticum Maximowicz）葉之藥理學研究。私立中國醫藥學院研究年報，12 1981.06 [民 70.06]，137-156。[Ref NCL]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 西施花 Rhododendron ellipticum Maximowicz 為杜鵑花科（Ericaceae），杜鵑花屬（Rhododendron）植物，又名靑紫木，英名 Taiwan rhododendron，臺灣全境山地潤葉林內自生。臺灣民間以本植物之葉治療高血壓。據 Plugge 從同屬植物 Rhododendron poticum 中分離出 andromedotoxin 成分，為具有生理活性，能抑制蛙及免之呼吸，產生搐搦，及使心臟停止；又其有類似 digitalis 使蛙心停於收縮狀態之作用，及對運動神經終端有類似美洲箭毒之作用；對哺乳類動物具有呼吸抑制，心臟變慢及降低血壓，繼之心踏加快而血壓上升；又對蛙及兔之心臟肌肉有毒性作用，可引起嘔吐，骨骼肌鬆弛之作用(2)。又據 Makino 從 Rhododendron hymenthes 抽出 rhodotoxin 成分，其作用與 andromedotoxin 相似。
    • 臺灣產西施花於民間雖用為治療高血壓已久，惟迄今並無可靠之實驗資料證實其效果。近年來國內心臟血管病患日增，高居十大死亡原因之首，且目前對於治療心臟血管疾病尚無理想之藥物，故開發新藥實爲刻不容緩之要務。
    • 本研究除確定西施花葉之粗抽取液具降血壓作用外，並應用一些常用之實驗標本以探研其一般藥理性質及其降壓作用之機轉，俾對此民間藥提出客觀之評價。
    Hsieh, M.T., Chen, C.F., & Tsay, T.T. (1981). Pharmacological studies of Folia Rhododendron ellipticum Maximowicz. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 12, 137-156.
    Abstract
    The pharmacological effects of different crude extracts of Rhododendron ellipticum Maximowicz were studied in vivo and in vitro. The following results were obtained:
    • (1) Ion concentractions in ethanol crude extracts (REAE) were: Ca++: 7.4 mM; C1-: 83 mEq/1; K+: 41 mEq/l; Na+: 1 mEq/l; Osmolality: 388 mOs/kg; and ph: 3.4.
    • (2) The LD50 and 95% confidence limits of REAE to ICR (Swiss Hauschka) mice by intraperitoneal injection were 1.52 and 1.45-1.88 g/kg, REAE after n-hexane extraction; 1.65 and 1.45-1.88 g/kg, REAE after chloroform extraction: 1.87 and 1.67-2.09 g/kg, REAE after ethylacetate extraction: 2.20 and 1.63-2.97 g/kg, respectively.
    • (3) Intravenous injection of REAE (6x10-2-5x10-1 g/kg) to anesthetized or conscious male rats (Sprague-Dawley) produced a dose-dependent hypotensive effect. Intraperitoneal injection of REAE induced escites and hypotension. However, the latter was less than that produced by intravenous injection.
    • (4) Arterial blood pressure, venous blood pressure, heart rate, respiration were decreased, and the amplitude of EKG (lead II) was increased after intravenous injection of REAE to anesthetized cats (Urethane, 1.0 g/kg, i.p.).
    • (5) In the isolated aortic strip preparations of rats the slope and maximal......
  11. Hsieh, M.T., & Shibuya, T. (1981). The effects of clobazam and diazepam on central catecholaminergic system. Journal of the Taiwan Pharmaceutical Association, 33(1), 36-44. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The effects of the 1,5-benzodiazepine clobazam and diazepam were evaluated with regard to behavioral locomotor changes in rats. Diazepam was more active than clobazam in reducing locomotor activity. The stimulation of locomotor activity induced by L-DOPA plus benserazide, and methaphetamine was significantly counteracted by diazepam but unaffected by clobazam. Hypomotility produced by α-methyl-p-tyrosine was markedly augmented with both drugs. It is concluded that both benzodiazepines may exert their behavioral depressant effects by reducing catecholaminergic activity. Diazepam is more effective than clobazam in reducing catecholaminergic activity.
    謝明村、澁谷健 (1981)。Clobazam 及 diazepam 對中樞兒茶胺之影響。臺灣藥學雜誌，33:1 1981.06 [民 70.06]，36-44。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究爲探討 clobazam（1,5-benzodiazepine）與 diazepam 對⼤⽩鼠⾏爲運動量之影響，以進⾏其評價。Diazepam 抑制運動量比 clobazam 強︔由 L-DOPA 加 benserazide，及 methamphetamine 所引起⾃發運動量增強作⽤被 diazepam 所抑制，但不被 clobazam 所抑制︔由 α-MT 所引起運動量抑制作⽤，⼆者均能加強。因此 benzodiazepines 之⾏為抑制作⽤可能與減低兒茶胺之活性有關，且 diazepam 減低兒茶胺之活性則比 clobazam 強。
  12. 松田宏三, 陳博忠, 謝明村, 道永啓以智, 松永寛幸, 林秀憲, 高橋則行, 渋谷健. (1982). Diisopropyl 1, 3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate（malotilate）の薬理作用に関する基礎的研究 第 II 編 中枢作用に関する検索. 東京医科大学雑誌, 40(2), 237-249. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • 四塩化炭素、エチオニン及びコリン久乏などによる肝細胞壊死や川線維化などの実験的肝障害及びいわゆる肝疾患治療薬によるこれらの肝障害に対する抑制作⽤については数多く報告されている。
    • 杉本、加藤田、中山らは malotilate (diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate) も、四塩化炭素やエチオニン等により惹起される実験的肝障害に対して抑制作⽤を有することを報告している。
    • 松田らは、malotilate に関する安全性及び薬理学的研究の⼀環として、⼀般薬理作⽤の検索を⾏ない、臨床応⽤量から考え、比較的安全性の⾼い薬物であると推測している。今回、malotilate 及び glutathione の中枢神経系に及ぼす影響を比較検討し、⼀定の成果を得たので報告する。
    Matsuda, H., Chen, P.C., Hsieh, M.T., Michinaga, K., Matsunaga, H., Hayashi, H., & Takahashi, N. (1982). Basic studies on the pharmacological action of diisopropyl-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate (Malotilate). (2) Action of Malotilate on the central nervous system. The Journal of Tokyo Medical College, 40(2), 237-249.
    Abstract
    Malotilate (Diisopropyl 1, 3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate) has been intended as a drug for liver diseases. This report presents the results of experiments conducted to explore the effects of the compound on the central nervous system in comparison with glutathione (GSH).
    • 1) Malotilate in a dose of 1, 000mg/kg (p.o.) produced a slight sedation to monkeys and rats, whereas GSH did no effect.
    • 2) Spontaneous motor activity of mice was suppressed by malotilate at ≥ 50 mg/kg. GSH showed no effect.
    • 3) Malotilate caused a slight suppression of conditioned avoidance response at 2,500 mg/kg in rats. GSH showed no effect.
    • 4) The body temperature was decreased slightly by 2, 50 mg/kg of malotilate in rats while no effect was observed with GSH.
    • 5) Malotilate and GSH had little or no effect on spinal reflexes in cats.
    • 6) No analgesic effect was demonstrable with malotilate and GSH.
    • 7) Malotilate produced a slight relaxation of skeletal muscles at 2,500 mg/kg in mice. No effect was brought about by GSH.
    • 8) Rotarod performance in mice was inhibited by malotilate at ≥ 1,000 mg/kg, whereas no effect could be demonstrated with GSH.
    • 9) Malotilate and GSH failed to inhibit apomorphine induced vomiting.
    • 10) Righting reflex in mice and rats was suppressed by malotilate at 2,500 mg/kg. There was no effect of GSH.
    • 11) Thiopental sleeping time in mice was prolonged by 2,500 mg/kg of malotilate. No effect was seen with GSH.
    • 12) Malotilate and GSH proved to be devoid of anticonvulsive effect.The comparative study of malotilate and GSH for CNS effects in laboratory animals indicate that malotilate showed only a tendency to slight inhibition when administered in high doses as 500 - 2,500 mg/kg (p.o.). Since these doses correspond to more than about 50 times the estimated therapeutic dose (600 mg/kg/day), it would be suggested that there is little possibility of CNS effects in clinical use of malotilate.
  13. 松田宏三, 山田博一, 張光雄, 謝明村, 松永寛幸, 林秀憲, 渋谷健. (1982). Benzodiazepine 誘導体 Triazolam の精子系に及ぼす影響. 東京医科大学雑誌 40(3), 433-442. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • Benzodiazepine 誘導体は、minor tranquilizer として、臨床では不安、緊張状態、神経症、てんかん発作、不眠など広範囲に⽤いられている薬物である。Hester らによって報告された triazole 環を有する新しい benzodiazepine 誘導体である triazolam（8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine）も、催眠作⽤、抗痙攣作⽤、筋弛緩作⽤、鎮静作⽤、馴化作⽤および抗不安作⽤を有することが⽰唆されている。また、臨床的に従来の benzodiazepine 同様、不眠症の患者に有意に催眠作⽤を⽰すことが認められている。
    • 渋⾕らは、向精神薬の精⼦形態変化について chlorpromazine は変化が⾒られず、nitrazepam および chlordiazepoxide は diazepam より強く変化すると報告している。本薬の⽣殖器系への影響としては毒性実験で卵巣および精巣の体重比重量、絶体重量および病理組織所⾒の報告がみられ、従来の benzodiazepine 系薬物と比較して臨床応⽤量の範囲内では比較的安全性の⾼い薬物であると思われる。しかしながらこの種の薬物に関しては⽣殖器系への影響は重視されねばならないことは云うまでもない。かかる⾒地より triazolam の精⼦形態変化への影響について精細な検討を⾏い知⾒を得たので報告する。
    Matsuda, H., Yamada, H., Chang, K.H., Hsieh, M.T., Matsunaga, H., Hayashi, H., Shibuya, T. (1982). Effects of benzodiazepine derivative Triazolam on morphology of sperm. The Journal of Tokyo Medical College, 40(3), 433-442.
    Abstract
    • Effects of triazolam on morphology of sperm and reproduction in rats given orally the drug daily for 15 consecutive days (Study A) and 30 consecutive days (Study B) were investigated.
    • In Study A, little drug effect was observed on morphology of sperm at dose levels of 5 mg/kg or less. At 50 mg/kg, acrosomal change and neck twist occurred; furthermore, looped tails in both principal and end pieces were noted with high frequency. At 500 mg/kg, loss and change of acrosome and frequent looped tails occurred.
    • In Study B, acrosomal change and neck twist were noted at the dose level of 5 mg/kg. At 50 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, these effects became stronger in addition to loss of acrosome and very marked looped tails. These morphological changes of sperm, however, were reversed after 30 days of recovery from the drug in both Study A and Study B, showing no difference from controls.
    • It should be noted that 50 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, which caused looped tails frequently, were very high doses, and that when considered in terms of estimated doses to be used clinically in humans, triazolam will have almost no effect on sperm.
    • As to effects on reproduction in rats, triazolam depressed only the mounting rate at the dose levels of 0.5 mg/kg or over in both Study A and Study B. The pregnancy rate and birth rate were similar between treated and control animals.
  14. 陳博忠, 松田宏三, 謝明村, 張光雄, 道永啓以智, 佐藤勝彦, 渋谷健. (1982). 新抗うつ薬 dothiepin の薬理学的研究 第 1 報 dothiepin の行動薬理学的検索. 東京医科大学雑誌, 40(4), 531-546. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • dothiepin: [11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo-(b,e)thiepin hydrochloride] は、Protiva によつて合成された dibenzothiepin 誘導体で化学構造上 amitriptyline の七員環炭素原子の一つをイオウ原子と置換した化合物である。その薬理作用は amitriptyline や imipramine と類似の作用を有することが推測され、臨床的にもすぐれた抗うつ作用を有するのみならず、抗不安作用も認められている。
    • すでに、英国、チェコスロバキア、フランス、その他で広く応用され、諸種のうつ病、抑うつ状態、不安や抑うつを主症状とする神経症に有効といわれている。
    • 本物の薬理作用に関しては、Benšová, Metyšová らの報告があり、抗らつ薬のスクリーニングの代表項目である抗 reserpine 作用及び抗コリン作用を有することが確認されている。
    • 著者らは dothiepin の薬理作用の特徴をより一層明確にするために、その代謝産物の脱メチル化体である northiaden: 11-(3-methylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenzo-(b,e)thiepin hydrochloride とともに行動薬理学的研究を行い imipramine 及び amitriptyline との作用を比較検討した。
    Chen, P.C., Matsuda, H., Hsieh, M.T., Chang, K.H., Michinaga, K., & Sato, K. (1982). Pharmacological studies of a new antidepressant, dothiepin. (1) Behavioral studies of dothiepin. The Journal of Tokyo Medical College, 40(4), 531-546.
    Abstract
    • The behavior effects of dothiepin [11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo-(b,e)thiepin hydrochloride] were investigated in mice and rats, compared with those of northiaden, which is the active N-demethyl metabolite of dothiepin, imipramine, and amitriptyline.
    • Dothiepin markedly increased spontaneous motor activity and potentiated methamphetamine and L-DOPA-induced hyperactivity in mice. It also suppressed muricide of rats induced by olfactory bulbectomy and antagonized reserpine-induced hypothermia in rats, but had no effect on pain threshold in rats. These effects were similar to the responses with northiaden, imipramine, and amitriptyline.
    • In contrast to imipramine and amitriptyline, however, dothiepin and northiaden failed to potentiate hexobarbital sleep in mice even at such a large dose as 80 mg/kg p.o. Furthermore, unlike northiaden, imipramine, and amitriptyline, dothiepin showed relatively weak effects on naive behavior in rats, oxotremorine-induced tremor in mice, and motor coordination in mice. These results may suggest that dothiepin has little side effects like drowsiness, dry mouth, and constipation clinically.
    • Dothiepin also suppressed pentetrazol convulsion more strongly than maximum electroconvulsive shock in mice.
    • Therefore, it is concluded that dothiepin is a new type of tricyclic antidepressant, has a low toxicity, and shares both potent antidepressant and some minor tranquilizing effects.
  15. Hsieh, M.T. (1982). The involvement of monoaminergic and GABAergic system in locomotor inhibition produced by clobazam and diazepan in rats. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology, 20(5), 227-235. [Ref PubMed] [Ref BL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The effects of 1,5-benzodiazepine clobazam and diazepam were evaluated with regard to behavioral locomotor changes in rats. A concurrent focus of investigation was whether or not both benzodiazepines interact with central monoaminergic and GABAergic mechanisms. Diazepam was more active than clobazam in reducing locomotor activity. The stimulation of locomotor activity induced by L-dopa plus benserazide, and methamphetamine was significantly counteracted by diazepam but unaffected by clobazam. Hypomotility produced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine was markedly augmented with both drugs. Locomotor suppression elicited by 5-HTP, activating central serotoninergic transmission, was more potently reversed by clobazam than by diazepam. In addition, arousal behavior produced by p-CPA, inactivating central serotoninergic transmission, was completely abolished by both drugs. Furthermore, in combination with AOAA, known to inhibit motor activity, diazepam had a synergistic effect, and picrotoxin-produced suppression was significantly antagonized by diazepam. Both benzodiazepines thus may exert their behavioral depressant effects by reducing catecholaminergic and serotoninergic activity, and also by promoting GABA-mediated inhibition in the central nervous system. Clobazam is more effective than diazepam in reducing serotoninergic activity, but less effective in reducing catecholaminergic activity and increasing GABAergic activity.
  16. 謝明村、蔡輝彥、陳介甫、林文川 (1982)。中國藥材配合禁忌之研究（一）臺灣產藜蘆與苦參對於中樞神經系統相互作用之藥理學研究。私立中國醫藥學院研究年報，13 1982.06 [民 71.06]，217-249。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 中國藥材運用之極致，在於複雜方劑之高度運用，而其基本理論，有單行、相須、相使、相畏、相惡、相反、相殺之說，即所謂藥之七情。蓋由來於悠久歲月經驗之累積，尤以相反一項，無論醫師處方、或執業藥局，均視爲最注重之基本知識。綜合古來文獻，所謂十八反，自一般的概念言之，均指爲絕對的不能配合使用，然試作深入檢討，相反藥物中，其作用之機轉，未必皆同，亦非完全產生毒性而致人於死。故必須各別加以究明，以求印證古說。
    • 《神農本草經集》注七卷，其序錄之陶弘景注中，指出相反藥 18 種（按實際爲 19 種），唐之新悠本草，後蜀之重廣英公本草均因襲之。累見於宋王懷之太平聖惠方及後世諸方書。金張從正之《儒門事親》有十八反歌訣，明繆希雍《炮炙大法》十八反歌已有增補。及民國王心一著《新醫本草》又有所增加。《儒門事親》「諸參辛芍判藜蘆」之句。所謂諸參，指人參、丹參、沙參、玄參、苦參。李時《珍本草網目》，去玄參而舉柴參，實出誤記。
    • 十八反之研究，由於所包括之藥材多達 19 種乃至 25 種，其相反作用，包括運用化學及藥理學等方法，始得以一一究明，非短期間內所能畢其事功。本研究乃就臺灣所產之藜蘆與苦參二藥材，運用藥理學方法，以閘明其相互作用之機轉。藜蘆（Veratri formosani Rhizoma）為百合科（Liliaeae）植 Veratrum formosanum Loesen 之根莖。苦參（Sophorae Radix）爲豆科（Leguminosae）植物 Sophora Flavescens Aiton 之根，均屬本經正品。前者由著者等親自由合歡山區採得；後者（苦參）以產量不豐，經採得標本後，自台中市全壽堂中藥店購得藥材，經與所探標本比較鑑定，確認由來於同一植物後，作爲研究材料。復以中藥方劑，概用煎劑者多，因而抽取其水溶性成分，進行藥理學實驗。以小白鼠及大白鼠為實驗動物，除分別測藜蘆及苦參之 LD50 外，並試驗二者對於中樞神經之相互作用，且進而檢討其可能作用的情形。
    Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, H.H., Chen, C.F., & Lin, W.C. (1982). The Pharmacological Studies on the Interactions of Taiwanese Veratri Formosani Rhizoma and Sophorae Radix on Central Nervous System. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 13, 217-249.
    Abstract
    The ultimate usage of chinese crude drugs lies on the efficient use of the compound formulas. The seven effects of drugs: Dan-Shyng (single action), Shing-Shiu (additive), Shing-Shyy (synergic), Shing-Wey (antagonistic), Shing-Wu (inhibitive), Shing-Fan (opposed) and Shing-Shay (destructive), are the basic theories of using the compound formulas. These theories are the accumulated experiences of thousands years. Among them, Shing-Fan (opposed action) is deemed to be the most important knowledge for physicians or pharmacists. It is usually considered to be absolutely incompatible. There are eighteen opposing drugs recorded in ancient Pentsaos, however, there are nineteen drugs involved. Since the mechanisms are not the same each of them should be studied both chemically and pharmacologically. This research uses pharmacological methods to study the interactions between Veratri Formosani Rhizoma (VFR) and Sophorae Radix (SR) produced in Taiwan on central nervous system. The following results were obtained:
    • 1. The LD50 and 95% confidence limits of water extract of VER on ICR mice are 325 mg/kg (276.0-382.0 i.p.), 100 mg/kg (62.0 - 161.3 i.v.). The LD50 and 95% confidence limits of water extract of SR on ICR mice are 1.200 mg/kg (744.0 - 1935.5 i.p.), 600mg/kg (486 - 741 i.v.).
    • 2. The LD50 and 95% confidence limits on mice pretreated with SR 120 mg/kg S.C. and followed by VFR fifteen minutes later are 137 mg/kg (113.16 - 165.85 i.p.), 50 mg/kg (41 - 60.97 i.v.). The results elucidate that SR can decrease the LD50 of VFR.
    • 3. The onset of retching movement and death time on mice treated with VFR 500 mg/kg S.C., can apparently be decreased by pretreating with SR.
    • 4. The numbers of retching movement produced by VFR 15 (30 mg/kg i.v.) can be significantly increased by simultaneous treatment with SR (60mg/kg i.v.).
    • 5. The locomotor activity of mice treated with VFR 30mg/kg S.C. alone decreases at 60 minutes, then increases at 240 minutes. If simultaneously treated with SR 120 mg/kg S.C., it decreases more significantly at 60 minutes, and increases more significantly at 240 minutes.
    • 6. The locomotor activity of dexamphetamine 0.5 mg/kg (simultaneously), 5-HTP 50 mg/kg i.p. (simultaneously), PCPA 200 mg/kg (pretreated 20 hrs. before), pargyline 50 mg/kg i.p. (pretreated 1 hr. before), reserpine 5 mg/kg i.p. (pre-treated 20 hrs. before), which effect the release, synthesis and metabolism of central monoamines, can be slightly decreased by treating with VFR. IF simultaneously treated with SR 120 mg/kg, the locomotor activity can be decreased more prominently.
    • 7. The concentrations of NA, DA and 5-HT in the brain are not effected by VFR 30 mg/kg alone at 30 minutes after administration, but the concentrations of their metabolites HVA, 5-HIAA can be increased. If simultaneously treated with SR 120 mg/kg S.C., the concentration of monoamines are still not effected at 30 minutes after administration, but the concentrations of HVA, 5-HIAA can be increased more prominently.
    The results elucidate that toxicity, number of retching movement, changes of locomotor activity, the concentration of monoamines' metabolites of VFR can be potentiated by SR. We suggest that VFR and RS have interactions on central nervous system. Therefore, the involvement of VFR and SR in the eighteen opposing drugs of ancient Pentsao are deemed to be significant.
  17. 謝明村、蔡輝彥、陳介甫、林文川 (1982)。中國藥材配合禁忌之研究（一）臺灣產藜蘆與苦參對於中樞神經系統相互作用之藥理學研究。中醫藥年報，2 1982.12 [民 71.12]，84-114。[Ref NCL] [Ref LoC] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 中國藥材運用之極致，在於複雜方劑之高度運用，而其基本理論，有單行、相須、相使、相畏、相惡、相反、相殺之說，即所謂藥之七情。蓋由來於悠久歲月經驗之累積，尤以相反一項，無論醫師處方、或執業藥局，均視爲最注重之基本知識。綜合古來文獻，所謂十八反，自一般的概念言之，均指爲絕對的不能配合使用，然試作深入檢討，相反藥物中，其作用之機轉，未必皆同，亦非完全產生毒性而致人於死。故必須各別加以究明，以求印證古說。
    • 《神農本草經集》注七卷，其序錄之陶弘景注中，指出相反藥 18 種（按實際爲 19 種），唐之新悠本草，後蜀之重廣英公本草均因襲之。累見於宋王懷之太平聖惠方及後世諸方書。金張從正之《儒門事親》有十八反歌訣，明繆希雍《炮炙大法》十八反歌已有增補。及民國王心一著《新醫本草》又有所增加。《儒門事親》「諸參辛芍判藜蘆」之句。所謂諸參，指人參、丹參、沙參、玄參、苦參。李時《珍本草網目》，去玄參而舉柴參，實出誤記。
    • 十八反之研究，由於所包括之藥材多達 19 種乃至 25 種，其相反作用，包括運用化學及藥理學等方法，始得以一一究明，非短期間內所能畢其事功。本研究乃就臺灣所產之藜蘆與苦參二藥材，運用藥理學方法，以閘明其相互作用之機轉。藜蘆（Veratri formosani Rhizoma）為百合科（Liliaeae）植 Veratrum formosanum Loesen 之根莖。苦參（Sophorae Radix）爲豆科（Leguminosae）植物 Sophora Flavescens Aiton 之根，均屬本經正品。前者由著者等親自由合歡山區採得；後者（苦參）以產量不豐，經採得標本後，自台中市全壽堂中藥店購得藥材，經與所探標本比較鑑定，確認由來於同一植物後，作爲研究材料。復以中藥方劑，概用煎劑者多，因而抽取其水溶性成分，進行藥理學實驗。以小白鼠及大白鼠為實驗動物，除分別測藜蘆及苦參之 LD50 外，並試驗二者對於中樞神經之相互作用，且進而檢討其可能作用的情形。
  18. 藤田允信, 渋谷健, 遠藤任彦, 謝明村, 佐藤勝彦. (1983). Cyclazocine の行動薬理学的研究－第 I 編ラットにおける行動刺激活性並びに脳内 monoamines におよぼす影響－. 東京医科大学雑誌, 41(1), 73-82. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • Morphine 拮抗薬である nalorphine がヒトにおいて鎮痛効果を⽰し、morphine 様の耽溺性 addiction は現わさないとの知⾒以来、いわゆる麻薬拮抗性鎮痛薬 narcotic antagonist analgesics に関する広範にわたる開発研究が⾏われ、今⽇に至っている。Cyclazocine は pentazocine と同様に、⽶国において 1960 年代初頭に合成された benzomorphan 核を有する化合物の 1 つであるが、morphine に対する拮抗作⽤の他に、それ⾃身強⼒な鎮痛作⽤を⽰すことが知られている。後者の場合、morphine に対しては同⽤量あるいはやや低⽤量で、また pentazocine に対してはより低⽤量でほぼ同等の鎮痛効果を⽰すことがみられている。他⽅、nalorphine をはじめこれらの麻薬拮抗性鎮痛薬は、ヒトにおいて精神異常誘発作⽤ psychotomimetic effects がみられており、また動物では "奇妙な⾏動 bizarre behavior" の症状を⽰すとの報告がある。
    • 今回著者らは、主として cyclazocine の⾼⽤量により誘発される bizarre behavior の諸症状を⾁眼的に観察するとともに⾃発運動量変化を測定し、1）この 2 つの⾏動活性の関連性，2）これらの⾏動活性に対する naloxone の効果、さらに、3）これらの⾏動活性発現⽤量における脳内 monoamine 濃度の変化について比較薬理学的検索を⾏つたので報告する。
    Fujita, M., Shibuya, T., Endo, T., Hsieh, M.T., and Sato, K. (1983). Studies on behavioral pharmacology of cyclazocine (I), Relation between the stimulant activity on the behavior and the brain monoamine system. The Journal of Tokyo Medical College, 41(1), 73-82.
    Abstract
    • The effects of cyclazocine, a strong narcotic-antagonist analgesic, were studied on the behavior, motor activity, and brain monoamine content in rats, in comparison with pentazocine and nalorphine, by subcutaneous administration.
    • As to the bizarre behavior characterized by the lateral head movements, pivoting on the hind paws, and walking backwards, cyclazocine (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) induced markedly all of their three effects, whereas pentazocine (30 mg/kg) and nalorphine (100 mg/kg) induced only walking backwards to a less marked extent. The cyclazocine-induced bizarre behavior was not prevented by naloxone (10 mg/kg, s.c.), a potent narcotic antagonist.
    • Cyclazocine (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) and pentazocine (10 and 30 mg/kg) markedly increased the motor activity. The hyperactivity caused by 30 mg/kg of cyclazocine, however, was preceded by the hypoactivity of short duration. The motor activity stimulant effects of these drugs were as follows: cyclazocine > pentazocine > nalorphine. The stimulant effects of cyclazocine and pentazocine were partially antagonized by naloxone, in that the latter failed to block the hyperactivity during the initial period of 30 min after administration of the formers.
    • Cyclazocine lowered only the catecholamine level in the whole brain, whereas pentazocine reduced the catecholamine and serotonin levels.
  19. 藤田允信, 渋谷健, 佐藤勝彦, 謝明村. (1983). Cyclazocine の行動薬理学的研究－第 II 編 ラットの行動刺激活性におよぼす脳内 monoamine systems の影響－. 東京医科大学雑誌, 41(1), 83-93. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • 著者らは第 1 編において、ラットを⽤い、cyclazocine の bizarre behavior の症状観察、⾃発運動量並びに脳内 monoamine 濃度におよぼす影響について検討し、以下の成績を得た。すなわち、cyclazocine は鎮痛活性に比較して⾼⽤量ではあるが、⼀定量（3mg/kg s.c.）以上で bizarre behavior の 3 症状および⾃発連動量増加の、2 つの⾏動刺激効果を明らかに発現し、これらの⾏動活性を⽰す⽤量においては、脳内 monoamines、特に dopamine 濃度を⽤量依存的に減少させることなどが認められた。
    • 本編においては、以上の cyclazocine ⾼⽤量で誘発される特徴的な⾏動刺激効果をさらに追求し、その作⽤発現機作の⼀端を明らかにする⽬的で、特に 2 つの⾏動活性におよぼす脳内 monoamine systems の関与について検討したので報告する。
    Fujita, M., Shibuya, T., Sato, K., & Hsieh, M.T. (1983). Studies on behavioral pharmacology of cyclazocine (II), Relation between the stimulant activity on the behavior and the brain monoamine system. The Journal of Tokyo Medical College, 41(1), 83-93.
    Abstract
    • The effects of modification of biogenic amine levels on the behavioral action of cyclazocine in higher doses (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, s.c.) were investigated in rats.
    • As for the motor activity measured by the Varimex method, the hyperactivity observed after administration of 10 and 30 mg/kg of cyclazocine was markedly depressed by the pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA 20 mg/kg, i.p., 42 hours). The motor activity-increasing effect of cyclazocine at doses of 3-30 mg/kg was also depressed significantly by the pretreatment with a-methyl-p-tyrosine (α-MT 250 mg/kg, i.p., 2 hours).
    • Simultaneous administration of apomorphine (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a depression of the hyperactivity by cyclazocine but a potentiation of the motor activity-increasing effect observed 30 minutes after cyclazocine administration at 3 mg/kg. Simultaneous administration of haloperidol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, s.c.), however, remarkably antagonized the activity-increasing effect of 3-30 mg/kg of cyclazocine.
    • As to the bizarre behavior by cyclazocine, characterized by head movements, pivoting, and walking backwards, the pretreatment with p-CPA produced a slight decrease in all of these three behavioral syndromes. Apomorphine administered simultaneously resulted in a nearly complete abolition of them. α-MT and haloperidol did not affect the bizarre behavior by cyclazocine.
    • These results show that the brain monoamine systems are implicated in the mechanism of behavioral effects by cyclazocine. The present evidence also suggests that the stimulant activity of cyclazocine is dependent, in part, on a balance between a catecholaminergic system and a serotonergic system.
  20. Chen, H.C., Hsieh, M.T. Tsai, H.Y., Chang, H.H., Wang, T.F., & Shibuya, T. (1984). Studies on the "San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang" in the treatment of essential hypertension. Journal of Formosan Medicinal Association, 83, 340-346. [Ref NCL] (corr.)
  21. Lin, W.C., Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, H.Y., & Chen, C.F. (1984). The pharmacological studies in central nervous system on the interaction of Taiwanese Veratri formosani rhizoma and Sophorae radix. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 12(01n04), 124–135. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The eighteeen opposing drugs were to be recognized as absolute incompatibility of Chinese herbs. Ku-Shen (Sophorae Radix) opposed Li-Lu (Veratri Rhizoma) is one of these incompatible drugs. In this study, we attempted to investigate and identify the interactions of these two drugs in the CNS by means of modern pharmacological technics. The results elucidate that toxicity, number of retching movements, change of locomotor activity and the concentration of monoamines; metabolites of Li-Lu can be changed by Ku-Shen. From these results, further evidence was provided that the involvement of Li-Lu and Ku-Shen in the eighteen opposing drugs of Chinese ancient Pentsao are deemed to be significant.
  22. Hsieh, M.T., Shibuya, T., & Chen, H.C. (1984). The effects of clobazam and diazepam on central GABAergic system. Journal of the Taiwan Pharmaceutical Association, 36(4), 187-195. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The interaction between clobazam or diazepam, and various GABAergic drugs (muscimol, baclofen, thiosemicarbazide) with regard to their effects on locomotor activity were studied. The locomotor activity produced by clobazam 1 mg/kg was not altered by GABA receptor against muscimol or baclofen, while muscimol or baclofen potentiated the depressive effects of clobazam (10 mg/kg), and diazepam (1 and 10 mg/kg). Furthermore, a reduction of clobazam (10 mg/kg), or diazepam (1 and 10 mg/kg)-induced suppression was seen upon administration of the GABAergic antagonist thiosemicarbazide. Clobazam is less effective than diazepam in increasing GABAergic activity. It is concluded that the reasons why clobazam cause less side effects than diazepam may be due to weaker effect on GABA-mediated inhibition in the central nervous system.
    謝明村、澁谷健、陳和昌 (1984)。Clobazam 及 Diazepam 對於中樞 GABA 系統之影響。臺灣藥學雜誌，36:4 1984.12 [民 73.12]，187-195。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究為探討 clobazam 或 diazepam 與各種 GABA 作用藥物（muscimol, baclofen, thiose-micarbazide）間之相互作用，以測定大白鼠之自發運動量爲指標。Clobazam 1mg/kg 所產生之運動量不受 GABA 致效劑 muscimol 或 baclofen 之影響，但 muscimol 或 baclofen 能增加 clobazam 10mg/kg 及 diazepam（1, 10mg/ kg）之運動量抑制作用。又 clobazam 10mg/kg 或 diazepam（1, 10mg/kg）所產生之運動量抑制作用被 GABA 拮抗劑 thiosemicarbazide 所拮抗。clobazam 增強 GABA 之活性比 diazepam 弱。由本實驗結果顯示 clobazam 之臨床使用副作用少於 diazepam，可能與 clobazam 影響中樞 GABA 系統之抑制作用比 diazepam 弱有關。
  23. Chen, H., & Hsieh, M. (1985). Clinical trial of suanzaorentang in the treatment of insomnia. Clinical Therapeutics, 7(3), 334–337. [Ref PubMed] [Ref BL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The hypnotic effect of suanzaorentang, an ancient Chinese remedy for insomnia, was studied in 60 patients with sleep disorders. After receiving placebo for one week, patients ingested capsules containing 1 gm of suanzaorentang each night, 30 minutes before bedtime, for two weeks. Treatment was followed by another week of placebo administration. Each morning during the study, patients completed questionnaires relating to their sleep the night before and to their ability to function during the previous day. Analysis of the responses showed statistically significant improvements (P less than 0.001) in all ratings of sleep quality and well-being during active treatment compared with both placebo periods. Laboratory tests performed before and after treatment with suanzaorentang showed no alterations in any test value. No side effects were noted. We conclude from these results that the compound merits further extensive investigation.
  24. Chen, H.C., Hsieh, M.T., & Lai, E. (1985). Studies on the suanzaorentang in the treatment of anxiety. Psychopharmacology, 85, 486–487. [Ref]
    Abstract
    We studied the anxiolotic and psychomotor effects of the ancient Chinese formula of Suanzaorentang, and found that it improved mood, decreased the accompanying sympathetic symptoms and improved psychomotor performance during the day.
  25. Chen, H., & Hsieh, M. (1985). Effects of san-huang-hsieh-hsin-tang on sympathetic activity, plasma renin, and plasma aldosterone. Clinical Therapeutics, 7(5), 600–606. [Ref PubMed] [Ref BL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang, an ancient Chinese remedy for gastrointestinal disorders, was also found to lower blood pressure. The authors therefore investigated the effects of this substance on sympathetic activity, plasma renin, and plasma aldosterone. Sympathetic activity and plasma renin activity, but not plasma aldosterone levels, were significantly reduced with treatment. The depressed plasma renin activity could be secondary to depressed sympathetic activity. The discrepancy between plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone levels, which is also found with beta-blockers, could be explained by the following sequence: decreased renin → decreased aldosterone → increased serum potassium → recovery of aldosterone.
  26. Hsieh, M.T., Chen, H.C., & Lai, D.I. (1985). Effects of San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang on Blood Pressure, Serum Lipids and Locomotor Activity in Rats. The Chinese Medical Journal, 36(2), 191-196. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • The formula of San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang was originally described by Chang CT (張仲景) about 2000 years ago for patients who had "epigastric fullness, flushing up, restlessness, neckstiffness and constipation". All these symptoms are frequently observed in patients with essential hypertension. We studied the effects of San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang on blood pressure, serum lipids and locomotor activity of male Sprague-Dawley rats.
    • Using different preparations of San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang (S-H-T) (water-extracted, wine-prepared and alcohol extracted), we found that the LD50 (95% confidence limit) of alcohol-extracted S-H-T, given by the intraperitoneal route, was 5.82 g/kg (5.58-6.05 g/kg) of original herb dosage. The alcohol-extracted S-H-T caused the most apparent dose-dependent hypotensive effect in anesthetized rats. The alcohol-extracted S-H-T also significantly lowered serum cholesterol and triglyceride, elevated serum HDL-c and depressed the locomotor activity of rats.
    謝明村、陳和昌、賴東淵 (1985)。三黃瀉心湯對大白鼠血壓、血脂肪與自發運動量之影響。中華醫學雜誌，36:2 1985.08 [民 74.08]，191-196。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 我們研究以不同之方法製備之三黃瀉心湯（水抽取，酒炮製與酒精抽取）對降壓作用之影響：發現用酒精抽取之三黃瀉心湯具有最明顯之降壓效果。其降壓效果因劑量之增加而增加。
    • 我們發現酒精抽取之三黃瀉心湯具有降低血中膽固醇，三酸甘油脂及加血中高密度脂蛋白之作用，亦具有抑制大白鼠自發運動量之作用。三黃瀉心湯之降壓效果可能與交感神經的活性被抑制有關。
  27. 陳和昌、謝明村 (1986)。三黃瀉心湯治療本態性高血壓之研究。中醫藥年報，4 1986 [民 75.]，66-77。[Ref NCL] [Ref LoC] [PDF]
    Abstract
    我國古方「三黃瀉心湯」最早記載於金匱要略之中。此方乃由大黃、黃連、黃苓所組成。其適應症包括：心氣不足、吐血鳅血、顏面潮紅、煩躁不安、便祕與脈博有力等。這些症狀常見於本態性高血壓患者，因此，我們對該處方之降壓效果加以評估。本研究分二組進行：基礎藥理學研究與臨床研究。本研究獲行政院國家科學委員會補助研究經費，特致謝忱。
  28. Hsieh, M., Chen, H., Hsu, P., & Shibuya, T. (1986). Effects of Suanzaorentang on behavior changes and central monoamines. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China. Part B, Life Sciences, 10(1), 43–48. [Ref NCL] [Ref PubMed] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Previously, it was found that the ancient Chinese remedy of Suanzaorentang could be a promising anxiolytic drug (Chen and Hsieh, 1985a, Chen and Hsieh, 1985b). To understand the mechanism of the action of Suanzaorentang, the effects of Suanzaorentang on behavior changes and central monoamines and their metabolites were studied in rats. It was found that Suanzaorentang significantly
    • (1) prolonged the period from the onset of clonic to tonic convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol or picrotoxin,
    • (2) prolonged the sleep duration induced by hexobarbital,
    • (3) reduced locomotor activity,
    • (4) enhanced the hypomotility induced by alpha-MT,
    • (5) reduced the locomotor stimulation produced by levodopa plus benserazide, and
    • (6) reduced central HVA, VMA, and 5-HIAA, but had no significant effects on central DA, NA, and 5-HT.
    These facts implied that Suanzaorentang decreased the turnover rate of central monoamines and central catecholaminergic activity.
    謝明村、陳和昌、許博厚、澁谷健 (1986)。酸棗仁湯對於大白鼠行為及中樞單胺濃度之影響。行政院國家科學委員會研究彙刊 B：生命科學，10:1 1986.01 [民 75.01]，43-48。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    著者等於前報會報告我國古方《酸棗仁湯》是一個很好的抗焦慮藥物。爲探討酸棗仁湯之作用機轉，吾等研究其對於大白鼠行爲及中樞單胺濃度之影響。本研究結果發現酸棗仁湯可以有意義地
    • （1）延長—pentylenetetrazol 或 picrotoxin 所引起陣攣性驚厥到強直性驚厥之時間，
    • （2）延長 Hexobarbital 所引起之睡眠時間，
    • （3）減少自發運動量，
    • （4）增加由 α-MT 所引起運動量抑制作用，
    • （5）減少由 Levodopa 加 Benserazide 所引起自發運動量之亢進作用，與
    • （6）減少中樞腦内 HVA，VMA 與 5-HIAA 之濃度，但對於中樞腦内 DA，NA 與 5-HT 則無影響。
    由以上之結果顯示，酸棗仁湯之鎮靜、抗痙攣作用，與降低中樞單胺之轉換速率與兒茶胺系統之活性有關。
  29. Chen, H.C., & Hsieh, M.T. (1986). Two-year experience with "San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang" in essential hypertension. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 14(01n02), 51–58. [Ref]
    Abstract
    In this paper, the long-term effects of the ancient Chinese formula of San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang on patients with essential hypertension were reported. San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang could significantly improve the hyperkinetic states of the cardiovascular system, improve the accompanying sympathetic symptoms, lower serum norepinephrine and have no apparent side effects.
  30. Hsieh, M., & Chen, H. (1986). Suanzaorentang in cardiac patients with anxiety. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 30, 481–484. [Ref]
    Abstract
    In 60 patients with cardiac symptoms and anxiety, the anxiolytic effect of the ancient Chinese remedy Suanzaorentang has been studied. It was a promising anxiolytic remedy, without apparent adverse effects on the cardiovascular system, and appearing not to interact with other drugs.
  31. Hsieh, M., Chen, H.C., Kao, H.C., & Shibuya, T. (1986). Suanzaorentang, and anxiolytic Chinese medicine, affects the central adrenergic and serotonergic systems in rats. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China. Part B, Life Sciences, 10(4), 263–268. [Ref NCL issue, missing]
  32. 謝明村、蔡輝彥、陳介甫、林文川 (1986)。臺灣產藜蘆與苦參對於中樞神經系統相互作用之藥理學研究。中國醫藥研究叢刊，12 1986.10 [民 75.10]，73-41。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 中國藥材運用之極致，在於複雜方劑之高度運用，而其基本理論，有單行、相須、相使、相畏、相惡、相反、相殺之說，即所謂藥之七情。蓋由來於悠久歲月經驗之累積，尤以相反一項，無論醫師處方、或執業藥局，均視爲最注重之基本知識。綜合古來文獻，所謂十八反，自一般的概念言之，均指爲絕對的不能配合使用，然試作深入檢討，相反藥物中，其作用之機轉，未必皆同，亦非完全產生毒性而致人於死。故必須各別加以究明，以求印證古說。
    • 《神農本草經集》注七卷，其序錄之陶弘景注中，指出相反藥 18 種（按實際爲 19 種），唐之新悠本草，後蜀之重廣英公本草均因襲之。累見於宋王懷之太平聖惠方及後世諸方書。金張從正之《儒門事親》有十八反歌訣，明繆希雍《炮炙大法》十八反歌已有增補。及民國王心一著《新醫本草》又有所增加。《儒門事親》「諸參辛芍判藜蘆」之句。所謂諸參，指人參、丹參、沙參、玄參、苦參。李時《珍本草網目》，去玄參而舉柴參，實出誤記。
    • 十八反之研究，由於所包括之藥材多達 19 種乃至 25 種，其相反作用，包括運用化學及藥理學等方法，始得以一一究明，非短期間內所能畢其事功。本研究乃就臺灣所產之藜蘆與苦參二藥材，運用藥理學方法，以閘明其相互作用之機轉。藜蘆（Veratri formosani Rhizoma）為百合科（Liliaeae）植 Veratrum formosanum Loesen 之根莖。苦參（Sophorae Radix）爲豆科（Leguminosae）植物 Sophora Flavescens Aiton 之根，均屬本經正品。前者由著者等親自由合歡山區採得；後者（苦參）以產量不豐，經採得標本後，自台中市全壽堂中藥店購得藥材，經與所探標本比較鑑定，確認由來於同一植物後，作爲研究材料。復以中藥方劑，概用煎劑者多，因而抽取其水溶性成分，進行藥理學實驗。以小白鼠及大白鼠為實驗動物，除分別測藜蘆及苦參之 LD50 外，並試驗二者對於中樞神經之相互作用，且進而檢討其可能作用的情形。
    Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, H.H., Chen, C.F., & Lin, W.C. (1982). The Pharmacological Studies on the Interactions of Taiwanese Veratri Formosani Rhizoma and Sophorae Radix on Central Nervous System. Journal of Chinese Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 12, 73-41.
    Abstract
    The ultimate usage of chinese crude drugs lies on the efficient use of the compound formulas. The seven effects of drugs: Dan-Shyng (single action), Shing-Shiu (additive), Shing-Shyy (synergic), Shing-Wey (antagonistic), Shing-Wu (inhibitive), Shing-Fan (opposed) and Shing-Shay (destructive), are the basic theories of using the compound formulas. These theories are the accumulated experiences of thousands years. Among them, Shing-Fan (opposed action) is deemed to be the most important knowledge for physicians or pharmacists. It is usually considered to be absolutely incompatible. There are eighteen opposing drugs recorded in ancient Pentsaos, however, there are nineteen drugs involved. Since the mechanisms are not the same each of them should be studied both chemically and pharmacologically. This research uses pharmacological methods to study the interactions between Veratri Formosani Rhizoma (VFR) and Sophorae Radix (SR) produced in Taiwan on central nervous system. The following results were obtained:
    • 1. The LD50 and 95% confidence limits of water extract of VER on ICR mice are 325 mg/kg (276.0-382.0) i.p., 100 mg/kg (62.0 - 161.3) i.v.. The LD50 and 95% confidence limits of water extract of SR on ICR mice are 1.200 mg/kg (744.0 - 1935.5) i.p., 600mg/kg (486 - 741) i.v..
    • 2. The LD50 and 95% confidence limits on mice pretreated with SR 120 mg/kg S.C. and followed by VFR fifteen minutes later are 137 mg/kg (113.16 - 165.85) i.p., 50 mg/kg (41 - 60.97) i.v. The results elucidate that SR can decrease the LD50 of VFR.
    • 3. The onset of retching movement and death time on mice treated with VFR 500 mg/kg S.C., can apparently be decreased by pretreating with SR.
    • 4. The numbers of retching movement produced by VFR 15, 30 mg/kg i.v. can be significantly increased by simultaneous treatment with SR 60mg/kg i.v..
    • 5. The locomotor activity of mice treated with VFR 30mg/kg S.C. alone decreases at 60 minutes, then increases at 240 minutes. If simultaneously treated with SR 120 mg/kg S.C., it decreases more significantly at 60 minutes, and increases more significantly at 240 minutes.
    • 6. The locomotor activity of dexamphetamine 0.5mg/kg (simultaneously), 5-HTP 50 mg/kg i.p. (simultaneously), PCPA 200 mg/kg (pretreated 20 hrs. before), pargyline 50 mg/kg i.p. (pretreated 1 hr. before), reserpine 5 mg/kg i.p. (pre-treated 20 hrs. before), which effect the release, synthesis and metabolism of central monoamines, can be slightly decreased by treating with VFR. IF simultaneously treated with SR 120 mg/kg, the locomotor activity can be decreased more prominently.
    • 7. The concentrations of NA, DA and 5-HT in the brain are not effected by VFR 30 mg/kg alone at 30 minutes after administration, but the concentrations of their metabolites HVA, 5-HIAA can be increased. If simultaneously treated with SR 120mg/kg S.C., the concentration of monoamines are still not effected at 30 minutes after administration, but the concentrations of HVA, 5-HIAA can be increased more prominently.
    The results elucidate that toxicity, number of retching movement, changes of locomotor activity, the concentration of monoamines' metabolites of VFR can be potentiated by SR. We suggest that VFR and RS have interactions on central nervous system. Therefore, the involvement of VFR and SR in the eighteen opposing drugs of ancient Pentsao are deemed to be significant.
  33. Hsieh, M.T., Chen, H.C, Kao, H.C., & Shibuya, T. (1986). Suanzaorentang, an Anxiolytic Chinese Medicine, Affects the Central Adrenergic and Serotonergic Systems in Rats. Chia Nan Annual Bulletin, 12, A43-A48. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Previously, we found that the ancient Chinese remedy of Suanzaorentang was a promising anxiolytic drug (Chen and Hsieh, 1985; Chen and Hsieh, 1985a). We also found that Suanzaorentang decreased the turnover rate of central monoamines and central catecholaminergic activity (Hsieh, et al., 1986). In this study, we found that:
    • (1) 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) induced decrease in locomotor activity was significantly antagonized by Suanzaorentang,
    • (2) p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) induced increase in locomotor activity was significantly inhibited by Suanzaorentang,
    • (3) Suanzaorentang had no significant effects on baclofen, muscimol, aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) and thiosemicarbazide induced changes in locomotor activity,
    • (4) Suanzaorentang significantly decreased vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in striatum and hippocampus, homovanilic acid (HVA) in hippocampus and 5-hydroxyindol acetic acid (S-HIAA) in striatum and hypothalamus,
    • (5) Suanzaorentang significantly reversed the α- methyltyrosine (α-MT) produced decrease in DA concentrations in striatum and hippocampus, and
    • (6) Suanzaorentang significantly reversed the P-CPA produced decrease in 5-HT concentrations on amygdala.
    These facts implied that Suanzaorentang might decrease the serotonergic activity but have no significant effect on GABAergic activity. The main locus of action might be in the limbic system.
    謝明村 (1986)。酸棗仁湯對於大白鼠中樞 Adrenergic 與 Serotonergic 系統之影響。嘉南學報，12 1986.12 [民 75.12]，A43-A48。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    中國古方酸棗仁湯是一種很有效的抗焦慮劑，著者等會探討其作用機轉，顯示酸棗仁湯能降低中樞單胺之轉換速率及兒茶胺之活性。本研究結果發現酸棗仁湯
    • （1）能顯著地拮抗由 5-HTP 所誘發引起之運動量抑制現象。
    • （2）能顯著地抑制由 p-CPA 所誘發引起之運動量興奮現象。
    • （3）對 baclofen, muscimol, AOAA 和 thiosemicarbazide 等所誘發引起運動量之影響，在統計上無顯著的意義。
    • （4）能顯著地降低 VMA 在腦部 striatum 及 hippocampus 處之濃度，HVA 在腦部 hippocampus 處之濃度及 5-HIAA 在腦部 striatum 及 hypothalamus 處之濃度。
    • （5）腦部 striatum 及 hippocampus 處由 α-MT 所產生 DA 濃度的降低，酸棗仁湯能顯著地將其反轉。
    • （6）腦部 amygdala 處由 p-CPA 所產生 S-HIT 濃度的降低，酸棗仁湯能顯著地將其反轉。
    由以上實驗結果顯示，酸棗仁湯能够影響 serotonergic 的活性，但對 GABAergic 的活性並無顯著的影響，且其主要的作用位置可能是在中樞邊緣葉系統。
  34. Chen, H., Hsieh, M., & Shibuya, T. (1986). Suanzaorentang versus diazepam: a controlled double-blind study in anxiety. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology, 24(12), 646–650. [Ref PubMed] [Ref BL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The ancient Chinese remedy Suanzaorentang was originally described in Kin-Kue-Yao-Lueh for patients with weakness, irritability and insomnia. In our preliminary observations on suanzaorentang, it seemed to be a promising anxiolytic remedy. A controlled comparative double-blind clinical trial was set up to assess the anxiolytic effect of suanzaorentang. Suanzaorentang (250 mg t.i.d.) and diazepam (2 mg t.i.d.) had almost the same anxiolytic effect. However, suanzaorentang, but not diazepam, improved the psychomotor performance during the daytime. No significant subjective side effects were observed during treatment with suanzaorentang. All laboratory tests, including liver function tests (serum SGOT, SGPT, albumin, globulin, bilirubin), renal function tests (BUN, serum creatinine), electrolyte balances (serum K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca++), serum cholesterol-triglyceride-HDL-c, thyroid function test (serum T4), chest P-A X-ray film, blood-urine-stool routine examinations (BUS routines), were unaltered after one week's administration of the compound.
  35. Chen, H.C., & Hsieh, M.T. (1986). Hemodynamic effects of" san-huang-hsieh-hsin-tang" in patients with essential hypertension. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 14(03n04), 153–156. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The ancient Chinese formula of "San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang" (S-T) was originally used for patients with "epigastric fullness, flushing, restlessness, constipation and a hard pulse" (Chang 115 B.C.). All these symptoms are frequently observed in patients with essential hypertension. We assessed the antihypertensive and hemodynamic effects of this formula, and found that S-T decreased blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, heart rate and cardiac contractile force. S-T had no apparent effects on cardiac output and blood volume.
  36. Chen, H., & Hsieh, M. (1987). Hemodynamic effects of orally administered Sunitang in humans. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 41(5), 496–501. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The hemodynamic effects of Sunitang, an ancient Chinese remedy for general weakness, weak pulse, and cold extremities, were studied. In study 1, 10 patients with left ventricular failure received Sunitang in single oral doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg in a double-blind manner. Sunitang showed dose-related positive inotropic, chronotropic, and vasodilator effects. The effects reached their maximum within 30 to 60 minutes and lasted for 6 hours. In study 2, 77 patients with left ventricular failure who had not been treated satisfactorily by the conventional methods entered a controlled (parallel design), double-blind study for 1 month. When they entered the study they were in steady states. They continued their original medications throughout the month. Sunitang showed additional positive inotropic, chronotropic, and vasodilator effects. In this study no apparent adverse effects of Sunitang were noted. We conclude from these results that Sunitang may be useful in heart failure and bradycardia.
  37. Hsieh, M.T., Chang, K.H., Chen, H.C., & Chu, C.Y. (1987). The effects of Tan-Chi-Hsiao-Yao-San on experimental hepatoxicity in rats. Journal of Taiwan Pharmaceutical Association, 39(4),223-233. [Ref NCL issue, missing]
  38. 渋谷健, 松田宏三, 渡辺泰雄, 四方義幸, 施宏哲, 石井巌, 松永寛幸, 高木邦格, 辻裕子, 張光雄, 周明勇, 謝明村. (1987). 酸棗仁湯の基礎薬理学的研究 2. 抗不安及び鎮痛効果の行動薬理学的解析. 東京医科大学雑誌, 45(2), 176-182. [Ref NDL] [Ref MO] [PDF]
    Abstract (Japanese)
    • われわれは、前報において、酸棗仁湯（Suanzaorentang; SZR）の催眠作⽤を報告した。⼀⽅、Chen らは、臨床薬理学的研究から SZR に抗不安作⽤のあることを実証し、SZR の抗不安作⽤は benzodiazepine（BZP）類似の作⽤機序によることを⽰唆している。しかし、基礎薬理学的研究から SZR の抗不安作⽤の機序を現代的薬理学的⼿法を⽤いて証明したものはみられない。
    • 従来、抗不安作⽤は、嗅球摘出ラット（OB ラット）による特異的異常⾏動の観察あるいは電気刺激を条件反射として惹き起こされる conflict 症状に対する拮抗作⽤等を指標とする検索⽅法が⽤いられてきた。本研究は、SZR の抗不安作⽤をこれら基礎薬理学的⼿法を⽤いて BZP と比較すると共に、また、BZP 類は基礎薬理学的研究及び臨床薬理学的研究から脳内 GABA 神経系や opioid 神経系と相互作⽤を有し、鎮痛機序に何らかの関連性があると報告されていることから SZR の鎮痛作⽤を tail pinch 法を⽤いて検索した。
    Shibuya, T., Matsuda, H., Watanabe, Y., Shikata, Y., Shih, H.C., Ishii, I., Matsunaga, H., Takagi, K., Tsuji, H., Chang, K.H., Yung, C.M., & Hsieh, M.T. (1987). A pharmacological study on Suanzaorentang. 2. The evaluation of behavioral pharmacological studies on the antianxiety and analgesic function. The Journal of Tokyo Medical College, 45(2), 176-182.
    Abstract
    Suanzaorentang (SZR)-induced hypnotic action was recently demonstrated by the methods of clinical and basic pharmacology. SZR also seems to have anxiolytic activity, and in the present study, the anxiolytic activity of SZR was evaluated using behavioral pharmacological experiments, and was compared to that of diazepam (DZP). In olfactory bulbectomized rats (OB rats), the administration of DZP inhibited the emotional change induced by the operation. However, SZR-treated rats were unchanged, and were similar to vehicle-treated rats. The repeated administration of either drug produced inhibition of the emotional disorder in OB rats. Repeated SZR treatment gradually supressed the excitation, but DZP treatment was weakened day by day. The combined administration of DZP and SZR greatly attenuated the excitation and this enhanced attenuation could be seen after repeated administration. Studies of anti-conflict behavior also showed similar results as those in the OB rats. These results suggest that the repeated administration of SZR can produce anxiolytic activity, and further that the combined administration of SZR and DZP may be an ideal treatment for anxiety. In addition, the combined administration of DZP and SZR had an analgesic effect via the central benzodiazepine and opioid systems, as we previously reported.
  39. Hsieh, M.T., Yeh, F.T., Chen, H.C. Lin, N.N., Chen, C.F., & Wang, T.F. (1988). Effects of Paweiwan on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in rats. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China. Part B, Life Sciences, 12(2), 109-113. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • The ancient Chinese remedy of Paweiwan was used by patients with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. The present study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of Paweiwan using streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. The effects on serum glucose in a 4-day course, in a 7-week course, on the standard oral glucose tolerance test, and on the liver glycogen content were studied. In the glucose tolerance test, chlorpropamide and insulin were used as the positive controls and 0.5% CMC (Carboxymethylcellulose) was used as the negative control.
    • We found that Paweiwan decreased the baseline glucose concentration, ameliorated the blood glucose elevation after glucose challenge, and increased liver glycogen content. The results may imply that Paweiwan increases glucose entrance into cells.
    謝明村、葉豐次、陳和昌、林乃女、陳介甫、王廷甫 (1988)。知柏八味丸對於 Streptozotocin 誘發高血糖大白鼠之影響。行政院國家科學委員會研究彙刊 B：生命科學，12:2 1988.04 [民 77.04]，109-113。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 知柏八味丸由熟地黃、山茱萸、山藥、牡丹皮、澤瀉、茯苓、知母、黃柏等藥材所組成，在中醫臨床上用來治療多尿、多渴、多飢的病人。而本研究係探討知柏八味丸，Base I（熟地黃、山茱萸、山藥、牡丹皮），Base II（澤瀉、茯苓、知母、黃柏）對於 Streptozotocin 誘發高血糖大白鼠之影響，探討其於四天內血糖濃度、於七星期内血糖濃度、標準又服葡萄糖耐量試驗與肝醣之測定。於標準又服葡萄糖耐量試驗中，使用 chlorpropamide 及 insulin 為對照品，比較知柏八味丸之效果。
    • 由實驗結果顯示知柏八味丸具有降血糖作用、增加葡萄糖利用能力與增加肝醣合成量。因此我們推論知柏八味丸具有增加葡萄糖進入細胞的作用。又 BaseI 配合 BaseII 後為八味丸其降血糖作用增加及毒性減低，可能由於其成分間產生相互作用，此有待進一步探討其成分變化。
    (incomplete co-authors)
  40. Chu, C.Y., Chen, H.C., Shiow, S.J., & Yen, K.Y. (1988). Effects of san-huang-hsieh-hsin-tang on central monoaminergic and GABAergic systems in rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 16(01n02), 57–66. [Ref]
    Abstract
    In this paper, the effects of San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang on central monoaminergic and GABAergic systems were studied in rats. It was found that San-Huang-Hsieh-Hsin-Tang significantly (1) prolonged the period from the onset of clonic to tonic convulsions induced by picrotoxin, (2) prolonged the sleep duration induced by hexobarbital, (3) inhibited central catecholaminergic activity, (4) promoted central GABAergic activity, and (5) decreased the turnovers of central norepinephrine and dopamine.
  41. Chen, Y.F., Tsai, H.Y., Chen, H.C., & Hsieh, M.T. (1988). The effects of Veratri Formosani Rhizoma on some central actions of Paeoniae Radix. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 40(2), 111-116. [Ref NCL] (corr.)
  42. 陳玉芳，蔡輝彥，謝明村，陳和昌 (1988)。臺灣產藜蘆與芍藥對於中樞神經系統相互作用之藥理研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報，14 1988.06 [民 77.06]，385-405。[Ref NCL] (corr.)
  43. 謝明村 (1989)。知柏八味丸治療第 II 型糖尿病之臨床評估。中國醫藥學院研究年報，15 1989.09 [民 78.09]，135-161。[Ref NCL]
  44. 謝明村、唐憲中、馬建中 (1989)。梔子蘗皮湯對於實驗性肝炎大白鼠之影響。中國醫藥學院研究年報，15 1989.09 [民 78.09]，163-179。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 肝炎在臺灣是一種相當普遍之疾病，危害國民健康甚鉅。中醫典籍記載治療肝炎之方劑甚多，然皆缺乏有效之評估，本研究乃探討漢．張仲景《傷寒論》所載梔子蘗皮湯進行對於實驗性肝炎之影響。
    • 本實驗是以 SpragueDawley 雄性大白鼠又服四氯化碳、α-naphthylisothiocyanate 誘發急性肝炎、膽汁滯留性肝炎後，給予梔子蘗皮湯之水或酒精抽取物，結果顯示對於 GOT、GPT、鹼性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase）、總膽紅素（Total bifirubin）、直接膽紅素（Direct bilirubin）之升高有明顯降低作用。且由病理切片觀察到四氯化碳、ANIT 引起小葉中心區壞死（Mild central necrosis）、脂肪變性（Fatty metamorphorsis）或膽管上皮細胞增生、脫落、局部性壞死（Focal necrosis）等現象均有抑制作用。又大白鼠注射 D-galactosamine 誘發類似急性病毒性肝炎後，給予梔子蘗皮湯之水或酒精抽取物，結果顯示對於 GOT、GPT、鹼性磷酸酶、總膽紅素、直接膽紅素之升高無降低作用，反而引起 GOT、GPT 相關性之升高。
    • 由寶驗結果顯示梔子蘗皮湯可能具有促進膽汁排泄及防止肝細胞之破壞作用，可供臨床上使用於濕熱黄疸型之肝炎病患。
    Hsieh, M.T., Tang, H.C., & Ma, J.J. (1989). The effects of chih-tzu-po-pi-tang on the experimental hepatitis in rats. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 15, 163-179.
    Abstract
    • Hepatitis is a kind of popular disease in Taiwan, and it endangers greatly to the health of the people. Chih-tzu-po-pi-tang (梔子蘗皮湯) is said to be helpful for patients with cholestatis hepatitis in the clinical course of Chinese Medicine. However, there has been no scientific studies of this remedy up to now. The present study was intended to investigate the effects of Chih-tzu-po-pi-tang on drug-induced hepatitis in rats.
    • We studied the effects of the water extracted Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang and alcohol extracted Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatitis, and α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestatis hepatitis in rats. It was found that Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang significantly decreased the serum GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. According to pathohistological study Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang will be inhibited the mild central necrosis fatty metamorphorsis or proliferation of bile duct epithelium focal necrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride, or ANIT, but Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang had no apparent effects on D-galactosamine induced acute hepatitis rats.
    • From the above experiment, among the effect of water extracted Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang and alcohol extracted Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang on the above drug-induced hepatitis rats, the water extracted Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang had better effect than alcohol extracted Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang, also we found that the ancient Chinese remedy of Chin-tzu-po-pi-tang may be has the effect to accelerate the bile excretion and to prevent liver cells being damaged. Therefore, it can be applied in the clinic to the hepatitis patient of heat and dampness in jaundice.
  45. 謝明村、林俊男、蔡輝彦、洪啓賦 (1989)。延胡索對於妊娠大白鼠甲狀腺及胎兒之影響。中國醫藥學院研究年報，15 1989.09 [民 78.09]，181-197。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 甲狀腺（Thyroid gland）係體內平衡代謝之主要內分泌腺體，如發生機能異常，其內分泌物之增減，會引起一系列之生理代謝紊亂和器官變異。近年來由於社會經濟發達，人們生活步調緊張、飲食不均衡、醫藥品濫用、環境之汚染、以及感染性疾病等因素，都是造成甲狀腺機能異常的病因。
    • 據研究報告指出，甲狀腺機能過高者，其女性罹患率高於男性。現代醫學對於甲狀腺機能過高之治療爲使用甲狀腺機能抑制劑，其作用機轉係干擾碘離子之捕捉或抑制碘離子與甲狀腺素結合；然其副作用，除了減少甲狀腺荷爾蒙分泌，刺激促甲狀腺激素（TSH）增加，造成甲狀腺腫大外，並因其能通過胎盤，對於母體懷孕期之胎兒甲狀腺荷爾蒙加以抑制，影響其腦部發育而造成智能不足，嚴重者並導致胎兒畸型。因此甲狀腺機能過高孕婦患者之治療，爲醫學上應加以重視研究問題之一。
    • 延胡索為我國中醫藥臨床常用的鎮痛藥物，據研究報告指出它能影響雄性大白鼠甲狀腺機能。但對於懷孕大白鼠甲狀腺功能及胎兒之影響，則未見報告。因此本研究係探討延胡索對於正常妊娠期、L-T4、誘導妊娠甲狀腺亢進症大白鼠甲狀腺及胎兒之影響（?），以觀察母體甲狀腺病理切片及胎兒發育情形，爲更進一步瞭解其作用機能，以血清中甲狀腺激素（T3和 T4）、促甲狀腺激素（TSH）、膽固醇（Cholesterol）及三甘油脂（Triglyceride）濃度之影響爲作用之指標，並以抗甲狀腺劑 ethylene thiourea（ETU）作爲正對照（Positive Control），以 Saline 為負對照（Negative Control）。
    Hsieh, M.T., Lin, C.N., Tsai, H.Y., Hung, C.F. (1989). The effects of yanhusuo on thyroid function and fetal growth in pregnant rats. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 15, 181-197.
    Abstract
    This present study investigates the effects of Yanhusuo (alcohol extracted) on serum T3, T4, TSH concentration, histological change of thyroid tissue of pregnant rats and fetal growth. Seven methods were performed.
    • A single administration of Yanhusuo 1,5 or 10 g/kg was given to pregnant rats on the 10th day of gestation.
    • Yanhusuo, 1 g/kg, was administrated to pregnant rats from 10th to 20th day of gestation.
    • Yanhusuo, 1g/kg was administrated to pregnant rats for 30 days from 10 day pregestation to 20th day of gestation.
    • Ethylene-thiourea (ETU 40 mg/kg) was administered to pregnant rats for 1, 10, and 20 days, respectively.
    • Yanhusuo or ETU was administrated to L-T4 induced hyperthyroidism pregnant rats from 7th to 20th days of gestation.
    • changes on serum T3, T4, TSH concentration in 21 days postnatal of pregnant rats that had been treated with Yanhusuo, ETU once daily from 7 to 20 days of gestation.
    • Effect of Yanhusuo, ETU on serum cholesterol, Triglyceride concentration in pregnant rats.
    All pregnant rats were performed cesarean section on the 20th day of gestation to remove of fetuses for external morphological examination, blood specimens was taken for serum thyroxine level and thyroid gland also removed for histological examination. According to the view of animal embryology, we knew that first day to 9th day of gestation is the period of cytogenesis, 10th to 14th day of gestation is the period of histogensis, and after 15th day of gestation to full term is the period of organogenesis. The first group investigated whether the Yanhusuo destroy the fetal tissue or not? The second group investigated whether the Yanhusuo destroy the fetal tissue and organ or not? The third group investigated whether the Yanhusuo can destroy the fetal cell, tissue, organ and affect T3, T4, TSH level or not? The findings are as follows:
    • Acute toxicity: The LD50 of yanhusuo was 6.02 g/kg (5.38-6.74 g/kg) with I.P. and 10 g/kg with oral intake, respectively.
    • In the female, T4 concentration was significantly increased during the pregnant period. The results of the experiment indicated that T4 concentration is higher on the 8th day and reacted to the highest on the 12th-20th day of gestation.
    • Yanhusuo was administrated to pregnant rats by 1, 10, 30 day, they all significantly decreased in T3, T4, TSH Level, but not significantly effect on thyroid tissue and fetal growth. 4.Long duration treatment 1, 10 and 20 days by ETU in pregnant rats could significantly decrease the serum T3, T4 Level, but TSH was increased, under the histological examination of the treatment thyroid reveals a very characteristic microscopic picture of diffuse hyperplasia, ordinarily, the colloid is completely lost from within the follicle and various types of congenital malformations of the central nervous system are found including dysraphism associated with exancephaly, meningoencephalocele.
    • The hyperthyroidism pregnant rats induced by L-T4 and administrated with Yanhusuo can significantly decrease the T3, T4, TSH Level, but had not significantly effect on thyroid tissue and fetal growth.
    • Pregnant rats had been treated with Yanhusuo by single intragastric administration from day 7 to day 20 of gestation serum T3, T4, TSH concentration in rats on 21 days after birth had not significantly change. So we could propose that Yanhuso could not pass through placenta effect thyroid gland in rat fetals.
    • Pregnant rats had been treated with Yanhusuo by single intragastric administration from day 7 to day 20 of gestation, serum cholesterol, triglyceride were not significantly change but the hyperthyroidism rats induced by L-T4, were significantly decreased.
    (incomplete co-authors)
  46. 周鉅文 (1989)。The Studies on Gui-Lin-Tang in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis。中國醫藥學院研究年報，15 1989.09 [民 78.09]，219-231。[Ref NCL] (corr.)
  47. 蔡輝彥，施學鈞，譚思濰，謝明村，林麗英 (1989)。黃連解毒湯之藥理學研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報，15 1989.09 [民 78.09]，251-277。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 肝炎、高血壓及外界環境之壓力所造成人類疾病之治療，雖然醫學界和藥理專家不斷的研究與發現新藥，但迄目前對於這類疾病祗能治標性的控制，還不能根本性治癒，而且長期性的服藥，還要考慮到體質的改變和副作用的影響。我國數千年來一脈相傳之中醫藥，採用自然界之動、植、礦物以調整身體，平衡陰陽。因此從中醫藥中發展新的治療方法已成爲新的趨勢。
    • 黃連解毒湯係我國數千年來著名的清熱、解毒、瀉火之劑；出典於唐・王燾著《外臺秘要》引崔氏方，由黃連、黄芩、黄柏、梔子等四味藥材所粗成。本研究試就黄連解毒湯酒精抽取物及水抽取物採討一系列相關之藥理作用。本研究試就黄連解毒湯酒精抽取物及水抽取物採討一系列相關之藥理作用。獲得如下之結果：
      • 黄連解毒湯酒精抽取物產率爲 14.3%，水抽取物產率爲 11.6%。
      • 黄連解毒湯酒精抽取物 pH 爲 3.62，鈉離子濃度爲 1.2 mEq/1，鉀離子濃度爲 4.6 mEq/1；水抽取物 pH 爲 4.70，鈉離子濃度爲 8.0 mEq/1，鉀離子濃度爲 75.6 mEq/1。
      • 黄連解毒湯粗抽取物經又投予，小白鼠 > 10 g/kg，大白鼠 > 15 g/kg，未見毒性。
      • 黄連解毒湯酒精抽取物經由腹腔注射之 LD50，小白鼠為 0.65 g/kg （0.18~2.30 g/kg），大白鼠為 1.11 g/kg （1.03~1.19 g/kg）；水抽取物經由腹腔注射之 LD50，小白鼠為 1.35 g/kg （1.04~1.76 g/kg），大白鼠為 2.21 g/kg （2.06~2.37 g/kg）。顯示水抽取物毒性較低。
      • 黄連解毒湯可顯著的縮短巴比妥鹽誘發睡眠的開始時間及顯著的延長睡眠的持續時間，具有鎮靜作用。
      • 對中樞神經興奮劑 pentylenetetrazol、picrotoxin 及 strychnine，黄連解毒湯酒精抽取物對前二者有抗痙攣作用，水抽取物對三者皆有抗痙攣作用。
      • 黄連解毒湯能顯著的減少小白鼠之自發運動量。
      • 黄連解毒湯不影響小白鼠之協調運動。
      • 黄連解毒湯不影響大白鼠之正常體溫。
      • 黄連解毒湯能顯著的延長對熱刺激之反應時間及顯著的抑制化學刺激法所引起疼痛之扭體次數，具有鎮痛效果，水抽取物較酒精抽取物之效果佳。
      • 又服黄連解毒湯酒精抽取物對尿量之排泄有顯著意義的增加，水抽取物則對尿量及尿中 Na+、K+ 之排泄量在統計學上均有顯著意義的增加，顯示黄連解毒湯有利尿作用，水抽取物之利尿作用優於酒精抽取物。
      • 黄連解毒湯有顯著而持久的降血壓作用，酒精抽取物之降血壓作用不因劑量的增大而加大，水抽取物則呈現有劑量依存性 （dose-dependence）。
      • 黄連解毒湯可顯著的抑制 serotonin 所誘發之浮腫，水抽取物效果優於酒精抽取物。
      • 黄連解毒湯水抽取物有抑制致病性細菌生長效果，具有抗菌作用。
      • 黄連解毒湯能顯著的降低因四氯化碳所造成的 GOT、GPT、LDH、Alk-P 及 Bilirubin total 之昇高。對於血清蛋白質之下降則有已昇之傾向。顯示黄連解毒湯有保護肝損傷作用。
      由以上之結果顯示黄連解毒湯水抽取物之藥理作用較酒精抽取物强且毒性亦較低，又黄連解毒湯之藥理作用廣泛，不影響正常體溫及協調運動，且具有降低自發運動量、鎮靜、鎮痙、鎮痛、抗菌、抗發炎、利尿、降血壓及抑制四氯化碳對肝臟之損害等作用。證之黄連解毒湯於中醫辨證凡屬於「實熱」、「熱毒」等「陽亢」證，如充血性炎症、狂躁症、不眠症、黃疸、肝炎、高血壓等適應症，可由本研究結果獲得藥理學上之印證。然其現代臨床研究尚待進一步探討。
    Tsai, H.Y., Shyi, S.J., Tan, T.W., Hsieh, M.T., & Lin, L.Y. (1989). The pharmacological studies of "Huang-lien-chiai-tu-tang". China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 15, 251-277.
    Abstract
    • Hepatitis, hypertension and disease of environmental stress are common troublesome drugs can just control but not cure these diseases and all have their inevitable side effects. So, looking for more desirable drugs from Chinese medicine has become the tendency of medico-pharmaceutical researches.
    • Huang-Lien-Chiai-Tu-Tang (H-T) is the famous formula about Ching-Reh (清熱), Chiai- Tu (解毒), Hsieh-Huoo (瀉火) for several thousand years in China. It was first reported by Wang Taur (王燾) of Tarng Dynasty (唐朝) in his Waih-Tair-Mih-Yauh (外臺秘要) It's composed of Coptidis Rhizoma (黃連), Scuteliariae Radix (黃芩), Phellodendri Cortex (黃柏) and Gardeniae Fructus (梔子). The present study is attended to evaluate the basic pharmacological effects of H-T with modern research techniques in animals. The following results are obtained.The following results are obtained:
      • The product rate of H-T extracted with ethyl alcohol (H-T. Alc.) and with water (H-T. H2O) is 14.3% and 11.6%, respectively.
      • The pH, [Na+] and [K+] are 3.62, 12 mEq/1, 4.6 mEq/1 in H-T. Alc., and 4.70, 8.0 mEq/1, 75.6 mEq/1 in H-T. H2O, respectively.
      • The toxicities of H-T. Alc. and H-T. H2O are both low when they are administered orally in mice and rats.
      • The LD50 and 95% confidence limit of H-T. Alc. (i.p.) are 0.65 g/kg (0.18-2.30 g/kg) in mice and 1.11 g/kg (1.03-1.19 g/kg) in rats, while those of H-T. H2O (i.p.) are 1.35 g/kg (1.04-1.76 g/kg) in mice and 2.21 g/kg (2.06-2.37 g/kg) in rats. These facts show that H-T. H2O is less toxic than H-T. Alc. by intraperitoneal administration.
      • H-T significantly shortens onset and prolongs the duration time of sleep induced by pentobarbital sodium. This fact implies that H-T has a sedative effect.
      • The convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin can be antagonized by H-T. Alc. The convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, and strychnine can be antagonized by H-T. H2O.
      • H-T significantly decreases the locomotor activity in mice.
      • H-T does not influence the rectal temperature in rats.
      • H-T does not influence the relaxation of skeletal muscles in mice.
      • H-T significantly prolongs the reaction time induced by thermal stimulation and significantly inhibits the writhing response induced by acetic acid. These facts show that H-T has an analgesic effect, with H-T. H2O being stronger than H-T. Alc.
      • H-T. Alc. significantly increases the excretion of urine. H-T. H2O significantly increases the excretion of urine, Na+, and K+. These facts show that H-T has a diuretic effect, with H-T. H2O being stronger than H-T. Alc.
      • H-T significantly lowers blood pressure, lasting more than 5 hours in anesthetized rats.
      • H-T significantly inhibits edema induced by serotonin, with H-T. H2O being stronger than H-T. Alc.
      • H-T. H2O at 0.2 g/ml can inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella flexneri.
      • H-T significantly decreases the increase in GOT, GPT, LDH, Alk-P, and Bilirubin Total induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. The decreasing trend in serum protein shows a tendency to increase. These facts show that H-T may protect against liver damage.
    • From the above results, we find that the pharmacological effects of H-T are very wide. The pharmacological effects of H-T. H2O are stronger, and toxicity is lower. H-T does not influence normal body temperature or muscle tension. H-T decreases locomotor activity and has sedative, anticonvulsive, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and hypotensive effects, and inhibits liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride.
    • These facts show that H-T used in Chinese medicine for several thousand years, is deemed to be significantly valuable. From these results in this study, it is valuable to research further in modern clinical uses.
    (corr.)
  48. Hsieh, M.T., & Lai, L.P. (1989). Anti-inflammatory effect of Suz-Ni-San. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 15, 279-292. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Szu-Ni-San (四逆散) was used to treat gastoenteritis, mastitis, acute appendicitis, intercostal neuralgia and abdominal pain by Chinese physicians. But there is no any modern pharmacologic study to prove it. So this study researched its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypothermic effects. The following results were obtained:
    • 1. The alcohol extracts of Szu-Ni-San (S.N.-Alc) had inhibitory effect on CAG-induced, formalin-induced or 5-HT-induced edema.
    • 2. S.N.-Alc had significant inhibitory effect on acetic acid or histamine phosphate induced capillary permeability, while the water extracts of Szu-Ni-San (S.N.-H2O) had slight inhibitory effect.
    • 3. S.N.-Alc had analgesic effect.
    • 4. S.N.-Alc had hypothermic effect.
    • 5. The inhibitory effect on CAG-induced edema was significantly decreased in adrenalectomized rats.
    • 6. The mechanisms of Szu-Ni-San on anti-inflammatory and hypothermic effect might be similar with aspirin which could inhibit the actions of 5-HT, histamine and the synthesis of PGE.
    謝明村、賴龍柏 (1989)。四逆散抗炎作用之藥理學研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報，15 1989.09 [民 78.09]，279-292。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 四逆散由等量柴胡、甘草、白芍、枳實組成。中醫臨床主治胃腸炎、乳腺炎、急性闌尾炎、肋間神經痛、脘腹痛等症。但至今未見其藥理學研究報告，故本研究探討其抗炎、鎮痛、解熱之藥理作用及作用機轉。
    • 實驗結果顯示，四逆散酒精抽取物對 Carrageenin，formalin，5-HT 誘發大白鼠後肢浮腫有抑制作用。對醋酸及 histamine 誘發末梢滲透具抑制作用。對熱板法、醋酸法具鎮痛作用。對正常大白鼠及 carrageenin 誘發發熱大白鼠具解熱作用。但對切除腎上腺大白鼠的抗浮腫作用有顯著降低的情形。其抗炎作用可能與 aspirin 相似，爲抑制 5-HT 及 histamine 作用，解熱作用可能與抑制 PGE 合成有關。
  49. 謝明村，陳瑞龍，賴振榕，劉正雄 (1989)。臺灣黃蘗之炮製研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報，15 1989.09 [民 78.09]，293-307。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 黃蘗，始載於《神農本草經》，主成分爲小蘗生，具有抗炎、抗菌作用，臨床用為健胃劑。黄蘗在臨床方劑運用上：「生用者瀉實火；鹽水炒者淸虛熱、瀉腎火；酒製者淸上焦火」，依其療效之目的，炮製各有不同。
    • 本研究係使用台灣黃蘗爲試驗材料，利用高效液相層析法，分析黃蘗飲片及酒製，鹽水製品中，小蘗含量之變化；並以微生物抑菌試驗法，檢討其抑菌效果，以探討黃蘗炮製之意義，獲致結果如下：
      • 1. 黄蘖之小蘗抽取試驗結果，在抽取溶劑之量相同時，以每次迥流加熱時間較長者，對小蘗之抽取較完全。
      • 2. 黄蘗檢品溶液之小蘗含測定結果，未炮製者小蘗驗之平均濃度爲 79.05 ± 0.71 μg/ml；酒製者 66.85 ± 1.47 μg/ml；鹽水製者 70.65 ± 1.03 μg/ml。顯示黃蘗炮製後，小蘗物之抽出量有降低現象。
      • 3. 對黄蘗檢品溶液極性層分析之結果，由分析層析圖之層析峰面積規整百分比，發現不同的炮製法之間無明顯之差異。
      • 4. 黃蘗檢品溶液顯示黃蘗經炮製後，檢品溶液之抗生力價有降低現象。
    • 由以上結果顯示，黄蘗經炮製後，會造成小蘗檢抽出量降低，對其他成分之影響不大。又黄蘗經炮製後，其抑菌效果亦有降低現象，此現象可能與炮製後小蘗抽出量之降低有關。
    Hsieh, M.T., Chen, R.L., Lai, C.R., & Liu, C.H. (1989). The procession studying of Phellodendron wilsonii in Taiwan. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 15, 293-307.
    Abstract
    • Phellodendri Cortex (Huang-Po) was first recorded in Shen Nung Ben Cao Jing (神農本草經). Its main chemical component is berberine, known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, and is clinically used as a digestive aid.
    • In traditional Chinese medicine theory, "excess fire" refers to a condition where the body produces excess heat, often manifesting in symptoms like inflammation, restlessness, and irritability. "Deficiency-heat" suggests a lack of cooling elements in the body that causes underlying warmth, often related to kidney health, and is managed by processing the herb with salt water. Processing with vinegar directs the herb's effects to the "upper warmer", or the upper body regions, where heat may cause issues like sore throats or mouth ulcers.
    • Phellodendri Cortex is utilized in various clinical formulas, with different processing methods for specific therapeutic purposes: fresh to clear "excess fire", fried with salt water to clear "deficiency-heat" and "kidney fire", and processed with vinegar to target "upper warmer fire".
    • The material used in this study is Phellodendron wilsonii (in Taiwan). HPLC was used to analyze Phellodendri Cortex, comparing the crude drug and samples processed with vinegar or salt water, revealing different changes in berberine content. A microbial bacteriostatic test was performed to assess its antibacterial effects, leading to the following conclusions:
      • 1. In berberine extraction experiments, a longer reflux time with equal solvent volume resulted in more complete extraction than before.
      • 2. Berberine content assay results:
        • Crude drug average berberine content: 79.05 ± 0.71 μg/ml
        • Processed with vinegar: 66.85 ± 1.47 μg/ml
        • Processed with salt water: 70.65 ± 1.03 μg/ml
        This indicates that berberine content decreased after processing.
      • 3. The HPLC assay showed no significant difference in chromatography peak area normalization percentages across different processing methods.
      • 4. The antimicrobial potency of Phellodendri Cortex decreased after processing.
    • In conclusion, processing Phellodendri Cortex reduces berberine content. However, other components remain largely unchanged, and its antibacterial effect diminishes, likely due to the reduced berberine content.
    (rewritten 2024-11-04)
    (incomplete co-authors)
  50. 陳瑞龍，謝明村，蕭秀玲，劉正雄 (1989)。小蘗鹼之生物藥劑學研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報 15：309-345。[Ref NCL] (corr.)
  51. 蔡輝彥，陳玉芳，吳天賞，謝明村，賴貞秀 (1989)。獨活粗抽取物對中樞神經系統作用之研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報 15：347-362。 [Ref NCL] (corr.)
  52. 陳玉芳，蔡輝彥，陳和昌，謝明村 (1989)。臺灣藜蘆對於芍藥之中樞神經系統作用之影響。中國醫藥學院研究年報 15：436-437。[Ref NCL issue, missing]
  53. Hsieh, M.T., Hung, H.J., Tsai, H.Y., Chiu, N.Y., Chen, H.C., Hwang, K.F., Lai, J.S., Chen, H.C., & Wu, T.S. (1989). The effects of the bioactive constituents of Corydalis tuber on the central nervous system. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 41(3), 227-237. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • Corydalis Tuber (CT), a Chinese remedy commonly used for analgesia, was extracted with different solvents and five layers were obtained: methanol, chloroform A, chloroform B, butanol, and water layers. The effects of each layers on CNS were investigated in our present research.
    • The results were as follows:
      • (1) Acute toxicity: chloroform B layer had the highest toxicity.
      • (2) Analgesic effect: chloroform B layer and water layer effectively elevated the pain threshold induced by hot plate and 1% acetic acid.
      • (3) Muscle relaxant effect: water layer had the most significant muscle relaxant effect.
      • (4) Hypnotic effect: chloroform B layer remarkably prolonged the sleep duration induced by hexobarbital (100 mg/kg, i.p.)
      • (5) Anticonvulsive effect: chloroform B layer prolonged the latency of clonic convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole (120 mg/kg, i.p.). Chloroform A layer and water layer prolonged the latency of tonic convulsion induced by picrotoxin (10 mg/kg, s.c.).
    • The above results showed that the chloroform B layer had the strongest effect on analgesia, hypnosis, and anticonvulsion. Therefore, the chloroform B layer was further chromatographed on silica gel column and eluted with increasing polarization of CHCl3-CH3OH solution. Each fraction separated from the chloroform B layer was chromatographed again. Finally, five protoberberine type alkaloids, namely, C-B1 ((-)-tetrahydropalmatine), C-B2 ((+)-corydaline), C-B3((±)-tetrahydrocoptisine), C-B4 ((-)-tetrahydrojatrorrhizine), and C-B5 ((±)-palmatine) were isolated and their structures were identified by spectormetric methods.
    • From the pharmacological studies of the five protoberberine type alkaloids we found that:
      • (1) Analgesic effect: C-B3 elevated the pain threshold induced by hot plate and 1% acetic acid; C-B4 could only elevate the pain threshold induced by hot plate; all the other fractions had no analgesic effect.
      • (2) Hypnotic effect: C-B3 prolonged the sleep duration induced by hexobarbital; C-B5 could shorten the latency and prolong the sleep duration induced by hexobarbital; all the other fractions had no hypnotic effect.
    謝明村、洪惠容、蔡輝彥、邱年永、陳和昌、黃克峯、賴貞秀、陳惠珍、吳天賞 (1989)。延胡索有效成分對於中樞神經系統之影響。中華藥學雜誌，41:3 1989.09 [民 78.09]，227-237。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 延胡索為中藥常用之鎭痛劑，本研究將延胡索以不同溶媒萃取，分別得到甲醇層，氯仿 A 層，氯仿 B 層，丁醇層及水層，探討其對中樞神經系統之影響。
    • 各層之藥理實驗結果如下：
      • （1）急性毒性試驗：以氯仿 B 層毒性最大。
      • （2）鎮痛試驗：氯仿 B 層及水層以熱板法或醋酸法對痛閾值提高最顯著。
      • （3）肌肉鬆弛作用：水層具有肌肉鬆弛作用最顯著。
      • （4）睡眠作用：氯仿 B 層對 hexobarbital（100mg/kg I.P.）誘發小白鼠睡眠時間之延長最顯著。
      • （5）痙攣作用：氯仿 B 層能延長由 pentylenetetrazole 引起之痙攣發作時間；氯仿 A 層及水層則對 picrotoxin 引起的強直性痙攣有延長作用。
    • 由上述結果顯示，氯仿 B 層具鎮痛，睡眠，抗痙攣等作用，且作用最強，因此，本研究再將氯仿 B 層利用矽膠柱層分離，以氯仿-甲醇極性漸增方式沖提，各 fraction 再分別進行層析分離，得到五個 protoberberinetype 生物鹼，利用光譜分析及標準品比對證實各化合物依序為：C-B1（(-)-tetrahydrocoptisine），C-B2（(+)-corydaline），C-B3（(±)-tetrahydropalmatine），C-B4（(-)-tetrahydrojatrorrhizine）和 C-B5（(±)-palmatine），各成分藥理實驗結果如下：
      • （1）鎭痛試驗：C-B3 對熱板法及醋酸法皆有增加痛閾值作用；C-B4 則懂對熱板法有效；而餘三者無此鎭痛效果。
      • （2）睡眠作用：C-B3 能延長由 hexobarbital 誘發小白鼠睡眠之睡眠時間；C-B5 能縮短其 onset 及延長睡眠時間；餘者無此作用。
    (incomplete co-authors)
  54. Chou, C.W., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, H.C., & Tih L. (1989). The Studies on Gui-Lin-Tang in the treatment of Reumatoid Arthritis. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 15: 219-232. [Ref NCL issue, missing]
  55. 周鉅文、謝明村 (1990)。桂枝加苓朮附湯對於類風濕性關節炎的長期療效及其副作用之研究。中醫藥年報，8 1990 [民 79.]，63-89。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 一、長期（平均 215.4 天）使用桂枝加苓术附湯治療類風濕性關節炎病人有效率 65%，若合併金劑使用，其有效率更高達 88.9%。
    • 二、長期使用桂枝加苓朮附湯並未發現肝腎、血液系統的影響。
    • 三、桂枝加苓术附湯是一有效的抗風濕藥物，但其對免疫系統的作用機轉則有待進一步斫究。
    Chou, C.W., & Hsieh, M.T. (1990). Cinnamon, Atractylodes, and Aconite Combination in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Long-term Study. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, 63-89.
    Abstract
    Seventy-two patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis were treated with Gui-Lin-Tang and 29 patients (5 males, 24 females) completed the long term study. Twenty patients were treated with Gui-Lin-Tang alone. Nine patients were treated with Gui-Lin-Tang in addition to gold. All the patients tolerated the drug and had an averaged 215.4 days follow up. Five patients (17.2%) were markedly improved, sixteen (55.2%) moderately or slightly improved, and eight (27.6%) unimproved.
  56. Chen, H.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chang, S.S., & Liu, S.L. (1990). Long-term reno-cardiovascular effects of orally administered aconiti tuber in humans. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 18(01n02), 25–33. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The reno-cardiovascular effects of Aconiti Tuber were studied. In a controlled, double-blind, and randomized clinical trial, it was found that in 9 months, Aconiti Tuber, after preparation (120°C, 40 min), (1) had no apparent adverse effects, (2) showed positive inotropic, postive chronotropic, and vasodilator effects, (3) increased renal blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate, Na+/Cl-/K+ excretions. The renal function test results could be interpreted as secondary to hemodynamic changes. We conclude that specially prepared Aconiti Tuber may be a promising cardiotonic agent.
  57. Chou, C.W., & Hsieh, M.T. (1990). Studies on Gui-Lin-Tang in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 42(1), 12-16. [Ref NCL]
  58. 陳和昌、謝明村、何官倫 (1990)。青黴胺概說。臺灣醫學會雜誌. 繼續教育版，2:2 1990.03 [民 79.03]，169-172。[Ref NCL]
  59. 謝明村，彭文煌，蔡輝彦，葉豐次 (1990)。蟬蛻對於中樞神經系統之藥理學研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報，16 1990.10 [民 79.10]，132-149。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 我國正邁向已開發國家，社會結構隨之變遷，人們生活節奏加速，常常處於緊張與焦慮之中，無怪乎失眠常為門診病人訴苦之一，臨床上雖無失眠病患的統計資料，但從每年國內大量進又鎮靜劑之資料，顯見焦慮，失眠的病患有與日俱增的趨勢。目前臨床上常用之鎮靜劑，因其有許多副作用，故尋求一理想之鎮靜藥物，乃為刻不容緩的事。
    • 蟬蛻始錄於《名賢別錄》，在中醫臨床上常用於治療小兒驚癎夜啼，小兒渾身壯熱，因此本研究即以中樞神經興奮劑：picrotoxin，pentylenetetrazole，strychnine 誘發痙攣，來探討蟬蛻之抗痙攣作用；以 hexobarbital 誘發小鼠睡眠，來探討蟬蛻之鎮靜作用；以 1% carrageenin 誘發高熱，來探討蟬蛻之解熱作用，並以 atropine，phentolamine，dl-propranolol，p-chlorophenylalanine，5-hydroxytryptophan 來探討蟬蛻之解熱機轉。又蟬蛻之藥用部位有依《本草綱目》言須去翅足者，有未去翅足使用全隻者，用法不一。因此本研究將蟬蛻以全隻，蟬身及蟬蛻頭足等三部份，分別以水及乙醇抽取，探討其對中樞神經系統之藥理學研究。
    Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., Tsai, H.Y., & Yeh, F.T. (1990). Effects of chan tuei on the central nervous system. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 16, 132-149.
    Abstract
    Chan-Tuei was originally described in Ming-loryi-Pieh-Lu (名義別錄). It was believed to have anticonvulsive, sedative, and hypothermic effects. By the use of CNS stimulants, hexobarbital and 1% carrageenin, were studied. By the use of atropine, phentolamine, dl-propranolol, p- chlorophenylalanine and 5- hydroxytryptophan, the mechanism of antipyretic action of Chan-Tuei was investigated. The preparations of Chan-Tuei recorded in the ancient Chinese medical books were in differences, e.g.: the whole body, the body and the head-foot. Therefore, we study its behavioral pharmacology. Our results are shown as following:
    • The whole of the water-extracted Chan-Tuei (CAww) has anticonvulsive, sedative, hypothermic effects and decrease the carrageenin-induced hyperthermic effect.
    • Ther CAww showed hypothermic effect. This hypothermic effect can be potentiated by 5-hydroxytryptophan and antagonized by p-chlorophenylalanine. These facts showed that the hypothermic effect of CAww may be involved in central serotonergic activity.
    • The CAww enhanced the hypomotility induced by α-MT and 5-HTP, and reduced the locomotor stimulation produced by levo-dopa plus benserazide and PCPA. These facts show that the CAww had effects on central catecholaminergic and serotonergic activity.
    From above findings, it could be concluded that the sedative and hypothermic mechanism of Chan-Tuei may be involved in central decreased catecholaminergic and increased serotonergic activity.
    (incomplete co-authors)
  60. 陳忠川、謝明村、葉豐次、謝文全、邱年永、林敦生、黎德安、郭啟文、高宗桂、林郁進 (1991)。中藥材之鑑定研究。中醫藥年報，9 1991 [民 80.]，260-266。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • 本研究之目的在於辨明中藥之眞偽與來源植物，利用顯微鏡以解剖藥材觀察內部構造、粉末特徵、繪圖、照像，並敘述各樂材之內部、粉末組織之內容，並就市售中藥之來源植物，進行實際調查採集，綜合各方面之鑑定，做為標準品提供中藥材 GMP 之檢驗標準。
    • 中國藥材乃是積五千年來經驗知識的累積遺產，種類繁多，同名異物，不同科屬的植物，當成同一中藥材使用者，比比皆是，故其複雜性可想而知。今台灣各種藥商總計二萬餘家（包括中醫師、中藥商、中藥製造業者），所需中藥材數量甚大，而其所使用的中藥材種類又多，藥材之眞偽與品質之優劣，往往影響其療效，爲了確保國民健康，使用來源準確之中藥材，是故中藥材之鑑定，建立品質評價資料是相當重要的工作。
    • 本研究依行政院衛生署編訂“中華民國中藥典範”所載 360 種中藥材，其中 77 年度已完成 12 種，78 年度已完成 16 種，尚餘 332 種，仍需繼續研究，以期樹立未來中藥材 GMP 之檢驗及標準資訊，確定藥材使用之眞偽及確保療效。
    • 初步自中華民國中藥典範中選出藥材來源較單純或複雜者約 60 種，每月檢討二種材料，12 個月內完成 24 種藥材，自來源調查、標本採購等藥用植物學探討，乃至於生藥學之五官檢查及顯微鏡之觀察、描繪、照相、形質之標示等為本實驗之主要工作項目，其餘各種藥物分期逐年完成，即：
      • 藥材組織圖描繪。
      • 藥材組織圖照像。
      • 藥材粉未各細胞構造。
      • 藥材組織之描述。
  61. 謝明村、吳龍源 (1991)。延胡索對大鼠甲狀腺機能之影響。中國醫藥研究叢刊，13 1991.06 [民 80.06]，82-99。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 甲狀腺 （Thyroid Gland） 係體內維持平衡代謝之主要內分泌腺體，如發生異常，其分泌物之堆減，會引起一系列生理代謝素亂和器官變異﹔近年來由於社會經濟發達，人們生活步調緊張，飲食不均衡環境之汚染，濫用醫藥，以及感染性疾病等因素，都是造成甲狀腺機能異常之原因。
    • 甲狀腺機能亢進，乃血中 T3、T4過高，其發病率女性大於男性。尤在懷孕期間甲狀腺機能過高發病率約有 0.2%。甲狀腺激素中毒症會導致嬰兒體重下降及增加新生兒死亡率。現代醫學對甲狀腺機能過高症之治療包括﹕使用甲狀腺抑制劑，開刀及放射線同位素照射等方法。但以使用抗甲狀腺藥物治療較為普遍。常用的抗甲狀腺藥物有硫胺類 （thiourea）﹕如丙硫氧嘧啶（propylthiouracil），其作用機轉係抑制碘化物之過氧化海（peroxidase）的作用﹔另一類藥物為過氣酸（CIO4-），碘等其作用機轉係干擾碘離子之捕捉（trapping）或抑制碘離子與甲狀腺球蛋白結合。以上兩大類藥物之副作用除了減少甲狀腺荷爾蒙分泌，刺激促甲狀腺激素（TSH）增加，造成甲狀腺腫大外，且因會造成骨髓抑制，白血球減少症，度膚病變，肝臟損害，腸胃反應，更能通過胎盤，對於母體懷孕期之胎兒甲狀腺荷爾蒙加以抑制，影響其腦部發育而造成智能不足，嚴重者並導致胎兒畸型等不良副作用，因此甲狀腺機能過高症之治療，為醫學上應加以重視研究問題之一。本研究主要目的在於尋找有效及副作用少之抗甲狀腺藥物，以提升中醫藥之發展及新藥之開發。
    • 延胡索始著錄於開寶本草，主治散氣，止痛，為我國中醫藥臨床常用之鎮靜、止痛劑（19）。根據本所林俊男等研究指出，延胡索酒精抽取物具有降低雌性大白鼠誘發甲狀腺機能過高症血中 T3、T4、TSH 濃度（12）。本研究先將延胡索之抽取物運用分配分雕法，得到延胡索甲醇層、正一丁醇層、水層、氯仿層等四層以各層對甲狀腺機能、甲狀腺重量及作用機轉加以探討，以血清中 TSH、T3、T4、free T3、free T4為作用之指標，並以 propylthiouracil （PTU）作為正對照（positive control），以 saline 為負對照（negative control）。
    Hsieh, M.T., & Wu, L.Y. (1991). Effect of Corydalis Yanhusuo on Thyroid Function in Rats. Journal of Chinese Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 13, 82-99.
    Abstract
    • Corydalis Yanhuso (C.Y.) is a commonly used analgesic in Chinese medicine. In this study, we used methanol total extract of the tuber of C.Y., and the n-butanol, water, and chloroform fractions obtained after solvent partition were investigated for their effects on normal and L-T4-induced thyroid function in rats. Antithyroid propylthiouracil (PTU) was used as a positive control. The results of pharmacologic experiments revealed as follows:
    • Total methanol extract, n-butanol, water, and chloroform fractions of C.Y. had no effects on the weights of thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands of rats; but PTU greatly increased the weight of the thyroid gland.
    • Among the various fractions, the chloroform fraction showed the strongest effect on the normal thyroid of the rat. It also showed a significant decreasing effect on the T3, T4, FT3, and FT4 levels in L-T4-induced hyperthyroid rats. None of the four fractions showed any effect on TSH. Administration of PTU decreased T3, T4, FT3, and FT4 levels in hyperthyroid rats. TSH was increased through a feedback mechanism. The mechanism of C.Y. on hyperthyroidism may be due to the inhibition of TSH secretion from the pituitary gland, while PTU has been known to inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormone.
  62. Hsieh, M.T., Chang, Y.L., & Chen, C.F. (1991). Effects of Tao-Hung-Tang on haemorheological disturbance induced by thrombus formation in rats. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2(1), 76-85 [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Tao-hung-tang (THT) is widely used for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis in Chinese medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of THT on haemorheological variables (hematocrit, plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, red cell aggregation and red cell deformability) and the plasma fibrinogen concentration were determined in blood sample from rats with ligature in the inferior vena cava (IVC) for 15 hours. The effects of THT on thrombus formation induced by ligating the IVC for 2 hours in rats was also studied. The thrombus weight, incidence of thrombosis and blood clotting factors (prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time) and plasma fibrinogen concentration were examined. THT (0.75; 3.0 g/kg) inhibited the thrombus formation significantly. For blood-clotting factors, THT had no effect on prothrombin time and partial prothromboplastin time, but reduced the fibrinogen concentration at a dose of 0.75 g/kg THT. As for haemorheological parameters, THT decreased the whole blood viscosity at every shear rate but had no obvious effect on plasma viscosity. It also reduced the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and enhanced red cell deformability. It is postulated that the inhibition of thrombus formation in rats by THT may be related to erythrocyte disaggregation. Furthermore, THT might act on erythrocyte aggregation and deformability to improve haemorheological disturbance in rats.
    謝明村、張瑛玲、陳介甫 (1991)。桃紅湯對於大鼠血栓所誘發血液流變性障礙之影響。中醫藥雜誌，2:1 1991.10 [民 80.10]，76-85。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 血栓症（thrombosis）及其所誘發的腦中風和心肌梗塞等心腦血管疾病，始終佔居國內十大死亡原因的前位。據研究指出血栓性疾病常有“血液高黏症綜合症（blood hyperviscosity syndrome）”的發生，不僅會加深病情的惡化，更會對患者的生命產生威脅。然而，臨床上至今對於血栓性疾病和血液高黏滯症的治療，尚無突破性發展。但在我國中醫學上，早已發展獨特的活血化瘀療法，有效的防治血栓性疾病的發生和發展。在活血化瘀方劑中，常應用桃仁、紅花、川芎和赤芍等四味基本活血化瘀藥材的配伍。有關這四種關單味藥或任一配伍在抗血小板聚集和體外纖溶作用的研究，早有報告。唯有關這四味藥配伍對於血液流變學的影響，倘未見研究報告。因此，我們將此四味藥合成方劑而名之爲桃紅湯，並探討其對血液流變性障礙之影響，冀從中醫藥的領域中，能尋得具有預防血栓和改善血液黏度的藥物。
    • 本實驗以大鼠下腔靜脈結紮的方式誘導血栓形成及血液流變性異常狀態，並依血液流變學的理論，測定影響血液黏滯性的因子:紅血球聚集性和變形性（red cell aggregation and deformability）、血球比容積（hematocrit）、血漿和全血黏度（plasma and whole blood viscosity）和血漿纖維蛋白原濃度（plasma fibrinogen concentration）等各項血液流變指標，以探討桃紅湯對於血液流變性的影響及其機轉。結果獲至如下：
      • （1）桃紅湯以 0.75 g/kg 和 3.00 g/kg 對血栓形成的抑制作用最明顯。
      • （2）桃紅湯（0.75 g/kg）能減少血漿纖維蛋白原濃度。
      • （3）桃紅湯（0.75 g/kg）能降低各切速的全血黏度值，但對血漿黏度沒有明顯的影響。
      • （4）桃紅湯能降低平均血球血紅素濃度和表紅血球變形能力的 TK 值。
    • 由本實驗的結果顥示，桃紅湯能有效的抑制大鼠體內血栓的形成並且改善因血栓所誘發的血液流變性異常的情形。這些作用可能是桃紅湯影響紅血球聚集性和變形性二項流變因子所致。對於其能增強紅血球變形功能的作用機理，是否因為穩定紅血球細胞膜表面電荷或是改善紅血球內黏度（主要取決於平均血球血紅素濃度），則有待更進一步的研究證實。
  63. Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., Yeh, F.T., Tsai, H.Y., & Chang, Y.S. (1991). Studies on the anticonvulsive, sedative and hypothermic effects of Periostracum Cicadae extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35(1), 83–90. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The anticonvulsive, sedative and hypothermic effects of water and ethanol extracts of Periostracum Cicadae (PC), the cast off skin of Cryptotympana atrata were studied. The water-extract of whole Periostracum Cicadae (PCws) had anticonvulsive, sedative and hypothermic effects in rats. Orally, it decreased carrageenin-induced hyperthermia. The hypothermic effect of PCws was potentiated by 5-hydroxytryptophan and antagonized by p-chlorophenylalanine. PCws enhanced the decrease in locomotor activity induced by α-methyl-p-tyrosine or 5-hydroxytryptophan and reduced the increase in locomotor activity produced by levodopa plus benserazide or p-chlorophenylalanine. From these results, it was concluded that the sedative and hypothermic effect of PCws may be due to an increase in central serotonergic activity.
  64. Hung, C.F., Hsieh, M.T., Su, T.C., Huang, S.J., & Chueh, F.Y. (1991). Effect of ischemia on serotonin metabolism in cerebral cortex. China Medical College Annual Bulletin, 17, 31-36. [Ref NCL] (corr.)
  65. 蔡輝彥、康慶川、陳玉芳、葉豐次、謝明村 (1992)。麻沸散之藥理學研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，1:1 1992.06 [民 81.06]，23-33。
    Tsai, H.Y., Kang, C.C., Yeh, F.T., & Hsieh, M.T. (1992). The pharmacological evaluation of MAR-FEI-SAN in experimental animals. China Medical College Journal, 1, 23-34. [Ref NCL]
  66. 謝文聰、蔡輝彥、謝明村、陳介甫 (1992)。紫背一點癀鎮痛抗炎作用及其有效成分之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，1:1 1992.06 [民 81.06]，45-53。
    Hsieh, W.T., Tsai, H.Y., Hsieh, M.T., & Chen, C.F. (1992). Studies of Nervilia purpurea and its effective compounds on analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. China Medical College Journal, 1, 45-54. [Ref NCL]
  67. Huang, S.J., Hung, C.F., Hsieh, M.T., & Liao, J. (1992). Dopamine metabolism in ischemic rat cerebral cortex. China Medical College Journal, 1(2), 91-94. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to 15 minutes of temporal unilateral common carotid artery occlusion and up to 6 hours of re-circulation was employed. The cortical concentration of dopamine (DA) and its metabolite (homovanillic acid, HVA) were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detector. After 6 hours of recirculation, diminution of dopamine and accumulation of homovanillic acid (HVA) in ischemic cortex were detected. This finding strongly suggests that a postischemia increase release and turnover of dopamine, which may explain postischemic vasoconstriction.
    黃勝堅、洪啟賦、謝明村、廖仁 (1992)。大鼠大腦皮質缺血時 Dopamine 代謝之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，1:2 1992.12 [民 81.12]，91-94。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    雄性大鼠左側頸動脈以血管夾夾住十五分鐘後釋放，於再循環大小時後斷頭取出其大腦，以 High Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detector 測量左，右大腦皮質 Dopamine（DA）及其代謝物 homovanillic acid（HVA）的濃度。結果左側缺血大腦皮質 DA 含量減低而其代謝物 HVA 含量增加，對照組大腦皮質並無明顯變化。因此實驗結果，可認為腦缺氧後 Dopamine 的釋取及轉變的增加是造成腦缺血後血管收縮的原因。
  68. 謝明村、張永勳、陳慧儀、陳忠川、闕甫伃、陳介甫 (1992)。臺灣產三葉五加鎮靜及抗血小板活性成分之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，1:2 1992.12 [民 81.12]，101-106。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    三葉五加（Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr.）係台灣產五加科（Araliaceae）五加屬（Acanthopanax）之植物。民間以其根治跌打損傷，且有清熱解毒，袪風利濕、舒筋活血之功，亦為中藥五加皮之代用品。本研究探討其成分對鎮靜及抗血小板凝集作用之影響，結果顯示﹕
    • 1.甲醇層及氯仿層均具明顯之抗血小板凝集作用，並能延長由 hexobarbital 誘發之睡眠時間。
    • 2.由氯仿層分出之六個部分（B-I ~ B-VI）﹕其中 B-III、B-IV、B-V 及 B-VI 能延長由 hexobarbital 誘發之睡眠時間，而 B-II、B-III、B-IV 則具明顯之抗血小板凝集作用。
    • 3.由 B-II 分離出之 taraxerol acetate 及由 B-III 分離出之 taraxerol 二純物質均不具抗血小板凝集之作用。
    綜合研究結果，顯示三葉五加確實具有鎮靜及抗血小板凝集之作用，至於其有效成分則仍在探討中。
    Hsieh, M.T., Chang, Y.S., Chen, H.I., Chen, C.C., Chueh, F.Y., & Chen, C.F. (1992). Effects of the bioactive constituents of Acanthopanax trifoliatus on sedation and antiplatelet aggregation. China Medical College Journal, 1(2), 101-106.
    Abstract
    Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. is a commonly used analgesic in Chinese medicine. In this study, the sedative effect and platelet aggregation inhibition effects of Acanthopanax trifoliatus were evaluated. Biological activity-guided chemical fractionation was carried out to elucidate the active constituents. The following results were obtained:
    • 1. Both methanol and chloroform extracts of Acanthopanax trifoliatus significantly inhibited the platelet aggregation effect induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), sodium arachidonate (AA), collagen (Col), and platelet-activating factor (PAF), and prolonged the duration of sleeping time induced by hexobarbital.
    • 2. The chloroform extract was further separated into 6 fractions (B-I to B-VI) and evaluated for their pharmacological effects. It was found that fractions B-III, B-IV, B-V, and B-VI significantly prolonged the duration of sleeping time induced by hexobarbital. Fractions B-II, B-III, and B-IV potentiated the platelet aggregation inhibition effect induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), sodium arachidonate (AA), collagen (Col), and platelet-activating factor (PAF).
    • 3. Taraxerol acetate was purified from fraction B-III, and taraxerol was isolated from fraction B-II by silica gel column chromatography. Neither taraxerol acetate nor taraxerol showed any effect on the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
    From these results, it was found that Acanthopanax trifoliatus had sedation and platelet aggregation inhibition effects. The constituents responsible for the activity are still yet to be determined.
  69. 謝明村、彭文煌、謝佳璋 (1992)。安神丸對於大鼠行為藥理學之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，1:2 1992.12 [民 81.12]，107-116。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究進行硃砂安神丸之動物行為藥理學篩選，包括鎮靜、抗痙攣及肌肉鬆弛作用。本研究分三組探討其鎮靜效果，一組為傳統方劑含有硃砂、黃連、酒生地黃、酒當歸及炙甘草之硃砂安神丸，其次為去硃砂後之安神丸組成，三為水飛硃砂，比較其藥理作用，以了解去硃砂之安神丸組成是否仍有鎮靜作用，再以植物化學的方法進行成分萃取，以便追蹤其主作用成分及其作用機轉。
    • 研究結果顯示，安神丸、硃砂安神丸可延長 hexobarbital 所誘發之睡眠時間，以安神丸的作用最強；安神丸及水飛硃砂具抗痙攣作用，硃砂安神丸具肌肉鬆弛作用。安神丸、硃砂安神丸及水飛硃砂對大鼠的自發運量均有抑制作用。綜合以上結果發現，以安神丸的鎮靜效果最強。安神丸各層分離物對 hexobarbital 所誘發之睡眠時間均有延長作用，以安神丸正丁醇層分離物的抽取率高，安神丸正丁醇層與 berberine 標準品均能抑制由 l-dopa + benserazide 所誘發之運動量興奮作用，且能增強 α-MT 所誘發之運動量抑制作用，且正丁醇層分離物的抑制作用較 berberine 的抑制作用強。正丁醇層分離物可降低大鼠大腦皮質中 norepinephrine (NE)、dopamine 及腦幹中 NE 的含量，並可增加大鼠大腦皮質中 vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)、homovanillic acid 及腦幹中 VMA 的含量。
    • 由以上結果顯示，安神丸正丁醇層分離物之鎮靜作用與降低腦內 catecholaminergic system 的活性有關。而其鎮靜作用較 berberine 之鎮靜作用強，是否與 berberine 的溶解度增加有關，或另含其它鎮靜成分，則有待進一步研究。
    Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., & Hsieh, C.C. (1992). Effects of tranquilizing pill on the behavioral pharmacology in rats. China Medical College Journal, 1(2), 107-116.
    Abstract
    • In this study, the sedative, anticonvulsive, muscle relaxant effects of Tranquilizing Pill were evaluated by separating its composition into three portions. One is the traditional formula (GTP) consisted of Cinnabaris, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, and Radix Glycyrrhizae Praeparata; the other is excluded the Cinnabaris (TP); the third is the Cinnabaris (GISA). We also investigate the sedative mechanism of the butanol fraction of the TP.
    • All of the preparations of TP, GTP, and GISA had sedative effect. The GISA and TP had anticonvulsive effect. The GTP had muscle relaxant effect. The TP had the stronger sedative effects. All of the TP fractions prolonged the hexobarbital-induced sleeping time. Both of n-butanol fraction of TP (TPb) and berberine standard could reduce hypermotility induced by l-dopa plus benserazide. They also potentiated the hypomotility induced by α-methyl-p-tyrosine. TPb had the stronger sedative effect than berberine. TPb significantly decreased the concentration of NE, DA in the cortex and the concentration of NE in the brain stem, and increased the concentration of VMA, HVA in the cortex and the concentration of VMA in the brain stem.
    • From these results, it is suggested that the sedative effect of TPb could be involved in the decrease in central catecholaminergic activity in the cortex and brain stem. Whether the sedative effect of TPb was related to the increase in the solubility of berberine or not. We will study in the future.
  70. 吳金濱、鄭奕帝、黃順爵、張光雄、謝明村 (1992)。百合科薤白屬（Allium 屬）植物之有效成分定量研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，1:2 1992.12 [民 81.12]，123-128。 [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本實驗首先完成百合科薤白屬（Allium 屬）植物之有效成分（Allicin，Ajoene）在高效液相層析（HPLC）法中的分析條件檢討，接着以合成的方法合成、純化 Allicin 及 Ajoene，將合成所得 Allicin 及 Ajoene 做為指標成分，利用高效液相層析法進行大蒜，蒜頭，洋葱，葱，薤白中所含成分之定量，結果顯示 Allicin 在大蒜，蒜頭，蒜白中所含此成分的經時變化，隨時間的增長而減少，相反的 Ajoene 則隨時間的增長而增加。新鮮洋葱及葱，薤白的檢品中僅含微量的 Allicin。
    • 洋葱於新鮮配製檢品中含大量的 Ajoene（0.046%），為蒜白最高含量的兩倍，但於兩天以後即轉化為其他化合物而不易檢測，其他蒜鬚，葱，薤白只含微量，於經時變化中無法檢測出來。
    • 以上實驗結果顯示，洋葱之鮮品含高量 Ajoene，至於，葱，薤白所含成分於本實驗 HPLC 移動相溶媒系統中滯留時間為 1.4 分時含有共同的吸收峰，此共同成分之定量，尚須進行大量抽取，純化，結構鑑定等步驟，有待進一步之檢討。
    Wu, J.B., Cheng, Y.D., Huang, S.C., Chang, K.H., & Hsieh, M.T. (1992). Quantitative determination of active compounds in Allium genus (Liliaceae) by HPLC. China Medical College Journal, 1(2), 123-128.
    Abstract
    • This work included study of plants, synthesis of standard compounds, allicin and ajoene, and quantitative determination of these two components in Allium genus by HPLC. The daily change of allicin and ajoene in methanol extract of each species were determined.
    • Garlic bulb was found to have higher content of allicin whilst fresh Allium cepa, Allium fistulosum and Allium bakeri were found to have less allicin.
    • It was found that the quantity of ajoene reached maximum on the sixth day in the garlic root, and on the fifth day in the immature garlic bulb. The content of aioene in immature garlic bulb was higher than mature garlic bulb. The ajoene content of Allium cepa (0.046%) was twice than garlic bulb. The amount of ajoene in other species were too little to be detected. Fresh Allium cepa was shown to have higher ajoene content.
  71. 陳忠川、謝明村、邱年永、謝文全 (1993)。中藥材之鑑定研究。中醫藥年報，10:2 1993.06[民 82.06]，523-576。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究之目的在於辨明中藥之真偽與來源植物，利用顯微鏡以觀察內部構造、粉末特徵、繪圖，並敍述各藥材之內部，粉末組織之內容，並就市售中藥之來源植物，進行實際調查採集，綜合各方面之鑑定，做爲標準品提供中藥材 GMP 之檢驗標準。
  72. 廖仁、洪啟賦、謝明村 (1993)。Study on the Concentration of Catecholamine Change in Ischemic Rat Cortex。中國醫藥學院雜誌，2:1 1993.06 [民 82.06]，1-4。[Ref NCL]
  73. 謝明村、胡大維、甘偉松、陳瓊雪、吳金濱、賴明洲 (1993)。國家藥園規劃之可行性研究。中醫藥年報，10:3 1993.06 [民 82.06]，427-440。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 醫藥之發展肇自動、植、礦物之利用，尤共大部分皆來自植物之樹皮、草、根以療疾病，維護健康。其後由於現代醫學、藥學之進步，一日千里，即有化學合成之藥品之出現，取代傳統之樹皮草根運用於臨床。但化學合成藥品之有效性不容置疑，然其副作用及安全性，如造成畸胎、肝、腎損傷、血液病變等報告日漸增多；因此，世界各國醫藥學家回歸重視傳統醫學之研究發展。
    • 傳統醫學研究之材料爲藥用植物。台灣地處亞熱帶地區，且海拔從低海拔到中、高海拔之分布均具，適合藥用植物之生長，因此在台灣地區常用之藥用植物約有一千七百餘種之多；惜因政府漠視，缺乏有系統之規劃及政策上無專責機構負責，民間對藥用植物之種植開發利用亦不知所措，且一些珍貴之藥用植物，如苦參、山藥、黃蘗等被濫墾、濫採瀕臨絕種，殊為可惜。
    • 環觀鄰國日本，在第一次世界大戰期間，有鑑於輸入藥品完全被封鎖，國民深受醫藥品短缺之苦，故於 1918 年，引進種苗，設置藥用植物園，至目前已有和歌、伊豆、北海道、筑波等藥用植物園，負責藥用植物之規劃、育苗、保種、教育、研究等工作，對今日日本漢方醫學之發展及國民保健上扮演重要與積極之角色。
    • 再者為使國內外人士對我數千年賴以保健、療疾的中國醫藥能有頗深入之瞭解，並提升中藥研究之國際地位，在中華民國台灣地區尚無藥園之設置；但大陸方面已在北平、杭州、昆明、湖南、南京、廣州等地，設立藥園，供研究、教學及社會教育之用。
    • 近年來，台灣經濟發展迅速，國人生活品質亦大為提升，全省各地休閒森林區，年來大有增加，國家公園亦相繼成立，唯獨尚未見有以發展我中華文化之醫藥文化之藥園設立。
  74. 張永勳、謝明村、黃順爵、邱年永、馬惠玲、何玉鈴 (1993)。中藥藥材炮製及品質管制規格之研究。中醫藥年報，10:3 1993.06 [民 82.06]，616-654。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本計畫配合政府推行中藥 GMP 政策，提高中藥及中藥製劑水準，以行政院衛生署公佈之《臨床常用中藥標準方》198 個方劑中之藥物，依其出現頻率依次排列之順序，除一部份本年度前已完成者外，選擇最常用中藥:人參、細辛、延胡索、五味子、薑黃、兒茶、丁香、及檳榔等八味藥材，進行藥材炮製及品管規格之研究。進行藥典中一般生藥之（1）乾燥減重（2）灰分測定（3）酸不溶性灰分（4）稀醇抽提物之含量測定。
    • 各種藥材由全省各地市面上各取樣 20 種，分別進行上述各項化學評估，其結果如下表。
    • 另外也作 TLC 薄層層析之定性鑑別及主成分 HPLC 分析，由個別藥物所開發出來之 TLC 及 HPLC 分析條件可進而提供含此生藥複方製劑之參考，以達到全面提昇中藥品質之理想。
    Chang, Y.S., Ma, H.L., Ho, Y.L., Huang, S.C., Chiou, N.Y., & Hsieh, M.T. (1993). Studies on the preparation and quality control specification of Chinese crude drugs. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 10(3), 616-654.
    Abstract
    • In comply with the GMP policies of the Health Bureau of the Republic of China on preparations of Chinese Crude drugs, a fundamental chemical quality specifications of each individual crude drugs were essential. Most frequently used crude drugs which appeared in "Commonly used Standardized Chinese Prescriptions" published by the Health Bureau, were chosen for chemical evaluation. Those cumulated values will be helpful for formulating the official quality specification in the future version of Pharmacopeia.
    • Eight species of crude drugs were chosen for evaluation in the first year project. There are Ginseng Radix (Panax ginseng), Asari Radix (Asarum sieboldii), Corydalis Tuber (Corydalis yanhusuo), Schizandrae Fructus (Schizandra chinensis), Curcumae Rhizoma (Curcuma longa), Catechu Gambir (Acacia calechu), Caryophylli Flos. (Eugenia caryophyllata), and Arecae Semen (Areca calechu).
    • Twenty samples of each commercially available crude drugs were randomly collected from around the island, and were evaluated for (1) Loss on drying, (2) Percentage of total ash, (3) Percentage of acid insoluble ash and (4) Percentage of dilute ethanol extract. The results were listed below.
    • Besides, thin layer chromatogram of these crude drugs were also compared, and conditions for high performance liquid chromatography analysis of these crude drugs were also established.
  75. 謝明村、彭文煌 (1993)。延胡索有效成分 DL-tetrahydropalmatine 鎮靜作用之研究。中國醫藥研究叢刊，15 1993.06 [民 82.06]，119-148。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • DL-tetrahydropalmatine（THP） 爲中藥延胡索（Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang） 的主要成分之一，具有鎮靜、催眠作用，其鎮靜作用機轉據劉國卿研究報告指出 THP（60mg/kg, i.p.） 能降低腦部 norepinephrine、dopamine、serotonin 三種單胺傳遞物質的含量，並增加其代謝物的含量，而 dopamine 的甲氧基代謝物 3-methoxyltyramine 含量明顯減少，大劑量的 pargyline（75 mg/kg, i.p.） 及 reserpine（2.5 mg/kg） 能改變 THP 對腦部紋狀體及邊緣系統內三種單胺傳遞物質的含量，故劉氏推論 THP 之鎮靜作用爲一種短效單胺排空劑，然劉氏並無探討 THP 對於腦內 dopamine 接受器功能之影響，因此本研究擬以行為藥理學、生物化學及伏安法（voltammetry） 測定法，併用 dopamine 接受器的致效劑或拮抗劑，探討其作用機轉、作用部位。
    • 研究結果顯示，THP 隨劑量的增加而可明顯抑制大鼠的自發運動量，在較大劑量（20 mg/kg） 下並有僵硬症（rigidity） 產生。THP（10 mg/kg, i.p.） 可抑制兒茶酚胺合成抑制劑 α-MT、排空劑 reserpine、D1 及 D2 混合拮抗劑 haloperidol、D2 拮抗劑 sulpiride、serotonin 前驅物質 5-HTP、GABAB 致效劑 baclofen 所誘發之運動量抑制作用，並能抑制 dopamine 前驅物質 L-dopa 併用 dopa decarboxylase 抑制劑 benserazide、D2 致效劑 apomorphine、膽鹼阻斷劑 scopolamine、serotonin 合成抑制劑 PCPA 所誘發之運動量增加作用，顯示 THP 之鎮靜、催眠作用可能與腦內單胺神經系統及 GABAergic 系統有關。
    • 以生物化學方法（HPLC） 探討 THP 對於大鼠腦內單胺濃度之影響，結果顯示，THP 隨劑量之增加可明顯降低大鼠腦皮質（cortex） 及腦幹（brain stem） 中 norepinephrine 及 dopamine 的濃度，並增加 dopamine 代謝物 HVA 的濃度，在較大劑量（20 mg/kg, i.p.） 並可降低皮質中 5-HT 的濃度及增加其代謝物 5-HIAA 的濃度，由此顯示，THP 之鎮靜、催眠作用可能與降低大腦皮質及腦幹中 dopaminergic 系統的活性有關，其較大劑量所產生之僵硬症可能與 THP 抑制皮質及腦幹中 dopamine 及降低皮質中 5-HT 的濃度有關。
    • 以伏安法（voltammetry） 探討 THP 對於清醒大鼠腦部紋狀體（corpus striatum） 中 dopamine 釋放量的影響，結果顯示，低劑量 THP 可明顯增加活體大鼠腦部紋狀體中 dopamine 的釋放，且隨劑量之增加而增強。又因 THP 能抑制腦部 dopamine 系統的功能，由此更顯示，THP 之鎮靜、催眠作用主要是作用在腦部紋狀體中 dopamine 神經元，阻斷突觸後 dopamine 接受器，並回饋性地作用於突觸前 D2 接受器而增加 dopamine 的釋放。
    • 綜合以上結果，顯示 THP 之鎮靜、催眠作用及僵硬症的產生主要是作用於紋狀體與黑質中 dopamine-acetylcholine-GABA-dopamine 神經環路，主要是作用在腦部紋狀體中 dopamine 神經元，阻斷突觸後 dopamine 接受器，並回饋性地作用於突觸前 D2 接受器而增加 dopamine 的釋放（release）。且僵硬症的產生亦受到 5-HT 的調節。
    Hsieh, M.C., & Peng, W.H. (1993). A Study on the Sedative Effect of DL-Tetrahydropalmatine - An Active Principle of Corydalis Tuber. Journal of Chinese Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 15, 119-148.
    Abstract
    • Dl-tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is one of the active principles of Corydalis Tuber, which possesses sedative and hypnotic effects. According to Kuo-ching Liu, THP was a short-term monoamine depleting constituent. But Liu did not investigate the effect of THP on the dopamine receptor. Hence, this study used behavioral pharmacology, biochemistry, and voltammetry together with dopamine receptor agonist and antagonist to determine the action mechanism and action site of this constituent.
    • The results of this study showed that with the increase of dosage, THP markedly inhibited the amount of the rat's automotor activity and it also produced rigidity in a comparatively higher dose (20 mg/kg). In the dose of 10 mg/kg, it inhibited the amount of motor activity induced by the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor α-MT, the depleting agent reserpine, the antagonist of the mixture of D1 and D2 haloperidol, the D2 antagonist sulpiride, the serotonin precursor 5-HTP, and the GABA agonist baclofen. It could also inhibit the increased motor activity induced by the combination of the dopamine precursor L-dopa and the dopa decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide, the D2 agonist apomorphine, the acetylcholine blocking agent scopolamine, and the serotonin synthesis inhibitor PCPA. These evidences showed that the sedative and hypnotic effects of THP might have connection with the monoamine system and the GABAergic system of the brain.
    • Investigation using the biochemical method (HPLC) into the effect of THP on the monoamine concentration in the rat's brain showed that with the increase of THP doses, the norepinephrine and dopamine concentration in the cerebral cortex and brain stem were markedly reduced and the dopamine metabolite HVA was increased. In comparatively higher doses (20 mg/kg), it reduced the cortical 5-HT concentration and increased the concentration of its metabolite 5-HIAA. These results showed that the sedative and hypnotic effects of THP were probably associated with THP's effects in reducing the dopaminergic activity of the cerebral cortex and brain stem, and the rigidity effect produced in higher doses might be related to THP's effects in inhibiting the cortical and brain-stem dopamine and reducing cortical 5-HT concentration.
    • The voltammetric method used in exploring the THP effect on dopamine release in the corpus striatum of the rat's brain showed that in low doses, THP markedly increased the dopamine release in the rat's corpus striatum and the release is augmented with increase in THP doses. With this evidence together with the fact that THP could inhibit the function of the cerebral dopamine system, it followed that the sedative and hypnotic effects of THP were chiefly due to THP's action on the neuron of the dopamine receptor in the cerebral corpus striatum, blockage of the postsynapse of the dopamine receptor, and the feedback action on the presynaptic D2 receptor to increase dopamine release.
    • To summarize, the sedative and hypnotic as well as the rigidity effects of THP were chiefly due to its action on the dopamine-acetylcholine-GABA-dopamine nervous loop in the corpus striatum and black matter, action on the neuron of the dopamine receptor, blockage of the postsynapse of the dopamine receptor and feedback action on the presynaptic D2 receptor to increase dopamine release. In addition, rigidity was also subjected to the regulation of 5-HT.
    (mispelled M.T. as M.C.)
  76. Hsieh, M.T., Su, S.H., Tsai, H.Y., Peng, W.H., Hsieh, C.C., & Chen, C.F. (1993). Effects of palmatine on motor activity and the concentration of central monoamines and its metabolites in rats. The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 61(1), 1–5. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    We used behavioral and biochemical methods to investigate the sedative effect of palmatine on locomotor activity and the concentration of monoamine in rats. It was found that palmatine enhanced the hypomotility induced by α-methyl-P-tyrosine, reserpine and 5-hydroxytryptophan, but reduced the hypermotility produced by L-dopa plus benserazide and P-chlorophenylalanine. Furthermore, palmatine significantly decreased the concentration of dopamine and homovanillic acid in the cortex and the concentration of serotonin in the brain stem, and it increased the concentration of 5-HT in the cortex and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in the brain stem. These results suggest that the sedative mechanism of palmatine may be related to the decrease in the concentration of catecholamine in the cortex and serotonin in brain stem and the increase in the concentration of 5-HT in the cortex.
  77. Hsieh, W.T., Tsai, H.Y., Hsieh M.T., and Chen C.F. (1993). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Nervilia purpurea and its effective compounds. Journal of Chinese Medicine 4(1), 89-107. [Ref NCL] (corr.)
  78. 謝明村、吳龍源、林昭庚 (1993)。加味一貫煎對甲狀腺機能亢進症之療效。中國醫藥學院雜誌，2:2 1993.12 [民 82.12]，103-112。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究以甲狀腺機能亢進症病患 28 例，依中醫辦證，且臨床上常見之陰虛火旺型 18 例及氣陰兩虛型 10 例，分別以加味一貫煎 A 及 B 方給予治療三個月療程進行臨床研究，以探討對患者依中醫辨證論治後其體徵、甲狀腺素 T3、T4、Anti-microsomal antibody (AMA)、Anti-thyroglobulin antibody (ATA)，免疫球蛋白 IgG、IgM、IgA、及 c-AMP 等濃度之影響。由研究顯示﹕
    • (一)甲狀腺機能亢進症病患各項臨床觀察指標及血清中 T3、T4。，等濃度均高於正常組，依中醫辦證分型為陰虛火旺型及氣陰兩虛型的患者，其血清中 T、T 及 TSH 值於兩組間並無明顯差異。
    • (二)而氣陰兩虛型組血清中 c-AMP 值較陰虛火旺型及正常組顯著增加。經中醫辦證治療後，血清中 T3、T4、TSH 及 c-AMP 等濃度均呈明顯改善。
    • (三)本研究測定 15 例甲狀腺機能亢進症病患血清中 AMA 及 ATA 之效價，其中有 15 例 AMA 效價高於正常範圍，經中藥治療後有 7 例降為正常，其餘 8 例雖效價未降到正常範圍，但仍有顯著降低﹔而 ATA 效價於 15 例當中有 10 例高於正常範圍，經中藥治療後，有 8 例降為正常。
    • (四)陰虛火旺型及氣陰兩虛型血清中 IgG 及 IgM 濃度均明顯高於正常組，經中藥治療後血清中 IgG 及 IgM 濃度均明顯下降。
    由本研究結果發現，中藥治療甲狀腺機能亢進症之作用，除了抑制甲狀腺素分泌外，尚可經由改善自主神經功能、調整體內免疫機能而達到治療效果。臨床上對於甲狀腺機能亢進症患者，因對於抗甲狀腺藥物過敏、白血球嚴重降低、或因體弱及併發症不能手術治療、對於放射線同位素治療不能適應等，中藥之應用，可供甲狀腺機能亢進症患的臨床治療增加了一種有效的治療選擇。
    Hsieh, M.T., Wu, L.Y., & Lin, J.G. (1993). The effects of Jia-Wei-Yi-Quan-Jian on the hyperthyroidism patients. China Medical College Journal, 2(2), 103-112.
    Abstract
    In Western medicine, there are still some unsolved problems in the clinical treatment of hyperthyroidism. Some of the patients suffer from drug's side effects, allergy, agranulocytosis, and some with complications or idiosyncrasies cannot be treated by operation or radioisotope. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Chinese herbal formula Jia Wei Yi Quan Jian (JWYQJ) in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. According to the principle of Chinese medical diagnosis, 18 Yih-deficiency and fire-hyperreactivity (YDFH) and 10 Both Chi and Yin deficiency (BCYD) types of patients were separated from 28 hyperthyroidism patients and administered formulas of JWYQJ-A and JWYQJ-B for 9 months. Parameters including body symptoms, triiodothyroxine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH), cyclic-adenomonophosphate (c-AMP), IgG, IgM, and IgA were measured every three months before and after treatment. The titers of antimicrosomal antibody (AMA) and antithyroglobulin antibody (ATA) were also determined on 15 of 28 hyperthyroidism patients.The results are as follows:
    • (1) The values of all parameters were higher in hyperthyroidism patients than in control. The concentration of T3, T4, and TSH in serum showed no difference between YDFH and BCYD groups. The c-AMP level was obviously increased in the BCYD group but showed no difference in the YDFH group and control.
    • (2) JWYQJ effectively reduced the concentration of T3, T4, TSH, IgG, and IgM in both YDFH and BCYD types after the full course of treatments.
    • (3) The titer of AMA was out of normal range for all 15 hyperthyroidism patients; as for the titer of ATA, there were 10 patients. After treatment, the titer of AMA in 7 hyperthyroidism patients became normal. The others showed an evident decrease in AMA titer, but not back to normal. In ATA titer, 8 of 10 became normal.
    These facts imply that JWYQJ might exert its action on antihyperthyroidism by inhibiting the release of thyroxine and improving the function of autonomic nervous and immune systems. It also provides another available choice for the clinical treatment of hyperthyroidism.
  79. 謝明村、林久乃、黃順爵、張光雄 (1993)。酸棗仁炮炙對鎮靜作用及其主成分變化之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，2:2 1993.12 [民 82.12]，141-149。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    酸棗仁始載於《神農本草經》，列為上品，《本草綱目》記載「主煩心不得眠」，目前中醫臨床為鎮靜安眠要藥。有關酸棗仁生熟異用之說最早見於《證類本草》，而現代藥理學實驗、臨床觀察及成分分析證明生、炒棗仁之鎮靜作用並無顯著差異。有關酸棗仁不同炮炙品之鎮靜作用，眾說紛云。因此本研究擬將酸棗仁生、炒、蜜、焦等四種炮炙品，分別以水及乙醇抽提，再探討其藥理作用之差異性，並以高效液相層析法（HPLC），測定各炮炙品中酸棗仁皂苷 A（Jujuboside A）之含量。鎮靜實驗結果顯示酸棗仁各種炮炙品，均有明顯鎮靜安眠作用，而醇抽取物較水抽取物之作用強，且又以“焦棗仁”的效用最強。利用 HPLC 法分析 Jujuboside A 之含量，以醇抽取之焦棗仁含量最高，依次為蜜棗仁、炒棗仁、而生棗仁含量最低；此含量變化，可能酸棗仁經炮炙後，破壞其中所含之分解霉，使藥材中的苷類化合物 - Jujuboside A 得以保存下來之故。另以水抽取之炮炙品均未測得 Jujuboside A 之成分。這可說明酸棗仁醇粗抽取物之鎮靜安眠效用所以強於水粗抽取物，且以焦棗仁效用最強的原因。
    Hsieh, M.T., Lin, C.N., Huang, S.C., & Chang, K.H. (1993). Studies on the preparations of Zizyphi spinosi semen on sedation and the changes of its bioactive constitutes. China Medical College Journal, 2(2), 141-149.
    Abstract
    • Suanzaoren (Zizyphi Spinosi Semen) is first recorded in the book of Shen-Nung-Pen-Tsao as goods of superior quality to cure coldness and burning of the viscera, gathering of the evil and flocking of spirit, aching of limbs, and paralysis caused by high humidity. When taken long, it pacifies the viscera, making oneself easy to carry along and live longer. Pen-Tsao-Kang-Mu is cited to say to treat vexatious insomnia. At present, it is widely applied clinically to neurasthenia insomnia by Chinese physicians as an important tranquilizer for insomnia. Different uses between raw and prepared Suanzaoren are first observed in the book of Cheng-Lei-Pen-Tsao, but modern pharmacological experiments and clinical observations as well as component analysis prove that there is no evident discrepancy between them in regard with function of tranquilizing to sleep. There are many opinions about this, however. Some believe that both raw and prepared application are workable, with the slightly broiled more beneficial for extracting components excepting that long broiling causes oil to dry up and thus to loss tranquilizing effects. Some hole that its effective tranquilizing components have something to do with ethanol-solubility while others think that they do with water-solubility. As a matter of fact, opinions about tranquilizing effects of differently decocted Suanzaoren are indeed abundant and confusing.
    • For this study, therefore, four different decocted Suanzaoren are prepared: raw, fried, preserved in honey and scorched. Each of them is extracted with water as well as ethanol and put to experiment as to its tranquilizing and pain relieving to investigate discrepancy of their pharmacological actions. Content of Jujuboside Acontained in each of the prepared in measured by HPLC method.
    • The results of the experiment of tranquilizing and pain relieving showed that each of the prepared Suanzaoren has evident function of tranquilizing and pain relieving, with ethanol crude extract works stronger than water crude extract, the tranquilizing and pain relieving effect of scorched Suanzaoren being the strongest though its tranquilizing effect has nothing to do with relaxation of muscle. As a result of analysis of content change in Jujuboside A in each of the prepared Suanzaoren with an aid of HPLC method, it is found out that ethanol extracts of scorched Suanzaoren has the highest content, and Suanzaoren preserved in honey ranks second high, while fried Suanzaoren ranks next and raw Suanzaoren comes last. The content change may be caused by destruction of resolved enzyme contained there in after heating of the Suanzaoren, making jujuboside A, a glycoside compound preserved. No element of Jujuboside A is measured among water extracts of Suanzaoren. Obviously,jujuboside A is mainly solved in ethanol solution and rather scarcely solved in water solution, whicn explains the reason why the effect of tranquilization and sedation effect of Suanzaoren crude ethanol extracts is stronger than that of water extracts and why that of scorched Suanzaoren is the strongest. To put together what have been said above, trnaquilizing and pain relieving components of Suanzaoren is mainly solved in ethanol extracts. Therefore, it is suggested that Suanzaoren be better prepared by scorched method. Honey and liquor may be used as side stuffs of the decocted.
  80. Hsieh, M.T., Chueh, F.Y., Tsai, H.Y., Peng, W.H., & Hsieh, C.C. (1993). Effects of Alangium chinense on motor activity and the concentration of monoamines in rats. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 45(5), 447-456. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    In this study, we used behavioral pharmacological methods to search for the sedative constituents, except dl-anabasine, from Alangium chinense and to investigate their effects on motor activity and the concentration of monoamines in rat's brain. First, the fourth fraction of chloroform-A extract (CA-4 fraction) had the most prominent sedative effect with least toxicity and did not contain the dl-anabasine. Second, the CA-4 fraction enhanced the hypomotility induced by α-methyl-p-tyrosine, reserpine and 5-hydroxytryptophan, and also reduced the hypermotility produced by levodopa plus benserazide and p-chlorophenylalanine. Third, the CA-4 fraction significantly decreased the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in the cortex, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the brain stem. But it increased the concentration of 5-HT in the cortex. The concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the cortex and brain stem, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in the cortex, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the brain stem were increased by the CA-4 fraction. By contrast, the concentration of 5-HIAA in the cortex was decreased by the CA-4 fraction. These results suggest that the sedative mechanism of the CA-4 fraction might be due to the decrease in the central catecholaminergic activity and the increase in the serotonergic activity in the cortex and the decrease in the serotonergic activity in brain stem. The sedative compound of CA-4 fraction might be a triterpenoid by Lieberman büchard reaction.
    謝明村、闕甫伃、蔡輝彥、彭文煌、謝佳璋 (1993)。八角楓分離物對大鼠自發運動量及腦內單胺濃度之影響。中華藥學雜誌，45:5 1993.10 [民 82.10]，447-456。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    八角楓（Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms）為民間廣泛用於治療風濕痛、勞傷腰痛、筋骨疼痛及跌打損傷等鎮痛之要藥。本研究以行為藥理學的方法，尋找八角楓根部非八角楓鹼之鎮靜有效成分，探討其對於中樞神經系統之作用與腦內單胺濃度之影響。研究結果顯示：八角楓氯仿-A 層之 CA-4 分離物鎮靜效果最強、毒性最小且不含八角楓已知成分八角楓鹼（dl-anabasine）。CA-4 分離物能增強由 α-甲基對酪胺酸、蛇根鹼及 5-羥基色胺酸誘發之運動量抑制作用；CA-4 分離物亦能抑制由 l-多巴加上苯絲胺醯肼及對氣代苯丙胺酸所誘發之運動興奮作用。而其鎮靜作用機轉可能與抑制中樞兒茶胺性系統及腦幹中血清素性系統活性之作用有關，且與增強大腦皮質之血清素性系統活性之作用有關。
  81. 謝明村、吳啟瑞、蔡輝彥、彭文煌、謝佳璋 (1994)。歸脾湯對於大鼠被動迴避學習反應之影響。中國醫藥學院雜誌，3:1 1994.06 [民 83.06]，15-24。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 歸脾湯首載於宋・嚴用和之濟生方，主「思慮過制，勞傷心脾，健忘怔忡」，方由白朮、茯神、黃耆、酸棗仁、龍眼肉、人參、木香、甘草、生邊及大棗等十味藥所組成。但今中醫臨床使用之歸脾湯製劑，則採用明・薛立齋校註之校註婦人良方，其方劑組成除上述之十味藥外，另加入當歸及遠志二味藥，且主治則更為廣泛，治「脾經失血少寐，發熱盜汗，健忘怔忡，驚悸不寐，嗜臥少食，血虛發熱，肢體作痛」等。至於加入當歸及遠志之目的，依方劑釋義，旨在治血虛及心脾不能攝血而致之吐血、軔血或下血等症；因此在後代醫藥學家將其歸類為補血、理血劑。且於近代臨床運用及研究報告上，對於歸脾湯多偏重在心血管及血液系統，如心律不整、血小板減少性紫斑及再生不良貧血等研究；而在嚴用和創方之本意，因心脾勞傷而致神智受損、健忘怔忡方面之治療上，則漸被忽略。因此本研究之目的，擬以自發運動量及被動迴避反應（one-trial inhibitory step-through passive avoidance）來探討歸脾湯二週長期給藥時，在改善學習記憶障礙之作用，並闡述其作用機轉。獲致之結論如下：
      • (1) 歸脾湯每天一次連續給藥二週具興奮作用，可能與提升腦內 dopaminergic system 之活性及降低腦內 serotonergic system 之活性有關。
      • (2) 歸脾湯改善學習記憶障礙之作用機轉，可能與中樞 dopaminergic system、cholinergic system、serotonergic system 三系統間之調節有關，而其中可能又以增強 dopaminergic system 及 cholinergic system 之活性較為重要。
    • 綜合以上結果，顯示宋・嚴用和濟生方之歸脾湯，於明・薛立齋之校註婦人良方中加入當歸及遠志二藥，在改善學習記憶障礙之作用上，可能具協同之作用；因此校註婦人良方收載之歸脾湯，確具改善學習記憶障礙之作用，而非僅對心血管及血液系統之作用。
    Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Tsai, H.Y., Peng, W.H., & Hsieh, C.C. (1994). Effects of Gui-Pi-Tang on passive avoidance learning in rats. China Medical College Journal, 3(1), 15-24.
    Abstract
    • Gui-Pi-Tang was originally described in Ji-Sheng-Fang. It was mainly used for palpitation, amnesia, and insomnia. Until Annotated Women's Formulary, its compositions in addition to the compositions in Ji-Sheng-Fang were supplemented with Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Polygala; but used for aplastic anemia and arrhythmia. So, we separated materials into three portions. Group A is a formula described in Ji-Sheng-Fang. Group B is a formula described in Annotated Women's Formulary. Group C consisted of Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Polygala. The purpose of our present study is to compare effects of Group A with effects of Group B on locomotor activity and passive avoidance in rats, and to investigate the mechanism of its action on the central nervous system.
    • Both Group A and Group B produced a significant decrease in locomotor activity. Therefore, both Group A and Group B had sedative effects, with Group B showing a stronger effect than Group A. At 1.0 g/kg, Group B administered consecutively for 2 weeks significantly increased locomotor activity in rats.
    • In the 2-week consecutive administration of all three groups, they improved the impairment of learning and memory induced by scopolamine, PCA, and cycloheximide on passive avoidance. Group B had a stronger effect than Group A. According to these results, the sedative mechanism of Group B might be due to the decrease in central catecholaminergic activity and the increase in central serotonergic activity. However, the stimulation and the improvement of learning and memory of Group B might be due to the increase in central cholinergic and dopaminergic activity, and the decrease in central serotonergic activity.
  82. 林文川、張惠玲、謝明村 (1994)。黃連及其炮炙品對大鼠胃腸道的藥理作用。中醫藥雜誌，5:3 1994.09 [民 83.09]，185-198。
    Lin, W.C., Chang, H.L., & Hsieh, M.T. (1994). Gastrointestinal Effects of Various Processed Forms of Coptidis Rhizoma on the Rat. Journal of Chinese Medicine. 185-198. [Ref NCL]
  83. Hsieh, M., Peng, W., & Hsieh, C. (1994). Effects of DL-tetrahydropalmatine on motor activity and the brain monoamine concentration in rats. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 37(2), 79–82. [Ref PubMed] [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Behavioral and biochemical methods were used in this study to investigate the effect of DL-THP on motor activity and the concentration of monoamines in rats. Experimental results indicated that DL-THP significantly decreased the motor activity of rats and showed a dose-response pattern; in addition, it produced rigidity at a higher dosage. DL-THP also enhanced the hypomotility induced by haloperidol, but reduced the hypermotility produced by apomorphine. Furthermore, DL-THP significantly decreased the concentration of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) in the cortex and brain stem at lower and higher dosages, and the concentration of serotonin (5-HT) in the cortex at higher dosages. DL-THP also increased the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the cortex and brain stem at lower and higher dosages, and the concentration of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cortex at higher dosages. These results suggest that the hypomotility produced by DL-THP may be due to the increase in the turnover rate of dopamine in the cortex and brain stem at lower and higher dosages, and of serotonin in the cortex at higher dosages.
  84. 謝明村 (1994)。歸脾湯鎮靜安神作用之藥理學研究。中醫藥年報，11:2 1994.06 [民 83.06]，126-157。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 歸脾湯首載於宋・嚴用和之濟生方，主「思慮過制，勞傷心脾，健忘怔仲」，方由白朮、茯神、黃耆、酸棗仁、龍眼肉、人參、木香、甘草、生薑及大棗等十味藥組成。但至明・薛立齋校註之校註婦人良方，其方劑組成除上述十味藥外，另加入當歸及遠志二味藥，而主治更為廣泛，治「脾經失血少寐，發熱盜汗，健忘怔仲，驚悸不寐，嗜臥少食，血虛發熱，肢體作痛」，故於近代臨床運用及研究報告上，對於歸脾湯多偏重在心血管及血液系統，如心律不整、血小板減少性紫斑及再生不良性貧血等研究；而在嚴用和創方之本意，因心脾勞傷而致神智受損、健忘怔仲方面之治療上，則漸被忽略。因此本研究之目的，擬以自發運動量及避暗學習（one-trial inhibitory step-through passive avoidance）來探討濟生方組歸脾湯及校註婦人方組歸脾湯，於一次給藥及二週長期給藥時，在鎮靜及改善學習記憶障礙之作用，並闡述其作用機轉。獲致之結論如下：
    • 濟生方組、校註婦人良方組、當歸加遠志組，均具鎮靜作用，且以校註婦人良方組之作用最爲顯著；而此作用與肌肉鬆弛無關。且其鎮靜作用之機轉，可能與降低中樞 catecholaminergic system 之活性及增強中樞 serotonergic system 之活性有關。又每天一次連續給藥二週之興奮作用，可能與提升腦內 dopaminergic system 之活性及降低腦內 serotonergic system 之活性有關。
    • 至於改善學習記憶障礙之作用機轉，可能與中樞 dopaminergic system、cholinergic system、serotonergic system 三系統間之調節有關，而其中又可能以增強 dopaminergic system 及 cholinergic system 之活性較爲重要。
    • 綜合以上結果，顯示宋・嚴用和濟生方內之歸脾湯，於明・薛立齋之校註婦人良方中加入當歸及遠志二藥，在鎮靜及改善學習記憶障礙之作用上，可能具協同之作用；因此校註婦人良方收載之歸脾湯，確具鎮靜及改善學習記憶障礙之作用，而非僅對心血管及血液系統之作用。
    Hsieh, M.T. (1994). Effects of Gui-Pi-Tang on central nervous system and passive avoidance learning in rats. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 11(2), 126-157.
    Abstract
    • Gui-Pi-Tang was originally described in Ji-Sheng-Fung. It was mainly used for palpitation, amnesia, and insomnia. Until Annotated Women's formulary, its compositions in addition to the compositions in Ji-Sheng-Fang were supplemented with Radix Angelicae Sinesis and Radix Polygala. Group A is a formula described in Ji-Sheng-Fang. Group B is a formula described in Annotated Women's formulary. Group C consisted of Radix Angelicae Sinesis and Radix Polygala. The purpose of our present study is to compare effects of Group A with effects of Group B on locomotor activity and passive avoidance in rats, and to investigate the mechanism of its action on the central nervous system.
    • Both of Group A and Group B not only prolonged the duration of sleeping time induced by hexobarbital but also produced a significant decrease in locomotor activity. However, neither Group A nor Group B showed any muscle relaxant effect. Therefore, both of Group A and Group B had sedative effects. Group B had a stronger effect than Group A. 1.0 g/kg Group B administered consecutively for 2 weeks increased significantly locomotor activity in rats.
    • In single administration of 1.0 g/kg Group B, it reduced hypermotility induced by L-dopa plus benserazide, apomorphine, and PCPA, and also potentiated hypomotility induced by haloperidol, α-MT, reserpine, and 5-HTP. However, in 2-week consecutive administration of 1.0 g/kg Group B, it potentiated hypermotility induced by L-dopa plus benserazide, apomorphine, and PCPA, and also reduced hypomotility induced by haloperidol and 5-HTP.
    • In 2-week consecutive administration of all of the three groups, they improved the impairment of learning and memory induced by scopolamine, PCA, and cycloheximide on passive avoidance. Group B had a stronger effect than Group A. According to these results, the sedative mechanism of Group B might be due to the decrease in central catecholaminergic activity and the increase in central serotonergic activity. However, the stimulation and the improvement of learning and memory of Group B might be due to the increase in central cholinergic and dopaminergic activity, and the decrease in central serotonergic activity.
  85. 謝文全、謝明村、那琦 (1994)。神農本草經藥品數之考察。中國醫藥學院雜誌，3:1 1994.06 [民 83.06]，25-34。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 神農本草經原書早已佚亡﹐內容不得其詳﹐惟大部分經文﹐經魏晉以降名醫傳抄出現種種異本﹐所收錄藥品數亦不一致﹐名醫別錄等亦曾集錄之﹐陶弘景校定本草經之際﹐仍以雷公集注神農本草經四卷本﹐名醫別錄三卷二書為藍本﹐而參考桐君﹑李氏﹑吳氏及藥對諸書而成﹐無論藥品之分類﹐藥性藥能之敍述﹐程序井然﹐所謂正統本草﹐由是而體係具備矣。
    • 神農本草經序錄全文﹐其中所論藥品數﹑上中下三品﹑君臣佐使﹑有毒無毒﹑應天應人應地﹑輕身益氣﹑不老延年﹑邪正﹑方劑﹑陰陽五行﹑藥之七情﹑五味四氣﹐子母兄弟﹑採造時月﹑真偽新陳﹑藥之運用﹑治病之道﹑服藥法﹑製劑與劑量﹑名制命名﹑分類﹑貯藏﹑炮炙加工﹑禁忌以及道地藥材……繫繫相關﹐兹分別就本草﹑藥植﹑生藥﹑藥動﹑藥礦﹑成分﹑藥理﹑藥局﹑方劑﹑炮炙……等相關學科立場﹐將前述中藥之基本知識﹐分別予以剖析概說。本文件總結藥品數如下:
      • 1. 神農本草經藥品數﹐迄梁齊間陶弘景據雷公集注神農本草經之書﹐其收錄藥品數確為 365 種﹐後世本草稱之為本經正品者。
      • 2. 本經正品之藥品數與分類﹐據序錄全文謂為﹕上藥 120 種﹐中藥 120 種﹐下藥 125 種﹐符合仙經道穀﹑食經與醫療治病之論。
      • 3. 李時珍本草網目目錄錄本經正品總 365 種。乃據證類本草黑底白字再予并分組合而得﹐得以參考﹐亦非完璧。佼然可據者﹐仍以森立之重輯神農本草經之藥品品目﹐其分合并離﹐具依據文獻傳承史實考據而得﹐著者於重輯名醫別錄時複校考據得以證實之﹙得本經正品 359 種﹐附品 15 種﹐總計達 374 種﹐當重新檢討毒性﹑來源及功能後﹐符合 365 種之數﹚。
    Hsieh, W.C., Hsieh, M.T., & Na, C. (1994). Survey on the number of herbs in Shen-nung-pen-tsao-ching. China Medical College Journal, 3(1), 25-34.
    Abstract
    • The original version of Shen-Nung-Pen-Tsao-Ching had been lost, and the exact content of the book could not be verified. However, most of the text was quoted down through various herbals that appeared after the Wei-Ching Dynasty. The number of herbs recorded varied from version to version. It was also recorded in Ming-I-Pieh Lu. Shen-Nung-Pen-Tsao-Ching revised by Tao-Hung-Ching was compiled based on Lei-Kung-Chi-Chu (4 volumes) and Ming-I-Pei-Lu (2 volumes), together with herbals such as Tung-Chun, Li-Shih, Wu-Shih, and Yao-Tuei. The classification of herbs and the description of their properties were in order and were regarded as the origin of the orthodox herbal system.
    • The preface of Shen-Nung-Pen-Tsao-Ching described the drug number, Three Categories, drug compatibility, toxicity, indications, tonification, Yin-Yang principles, Five Elements, Seven Properties, Five Tastes, Four Chi, collection and preparation, identification, application, nomenclature, classification, storage, preparation, contraindication, and authentic drugs. The authors studied the basic herbal principles described previously based on the current sciences such as pentsaology, pharmaceutical botany, pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical zoology, pharmaceutical mineralogy, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacy, prescription, and herbal preparation. The authors have the following conclusions:
      • 1. The drug number of Shen-Nung-Pen-Tsao-Ching as described by Tao-Hung-Ching of the Liang-Chi Dynasty based on Lei-Kung-Chi-Chu should be 365. Those herbs were later regarded as Pen-Ching-Cheng-Ping.
      • 2. The 365 drugs were classified into Superior Category (120), Middle Category (120), and Inferior Category (125). The classification coincided with the treatment principles described in Hsien-Ching-Tao-Ku, Shih-Ching, and I-Liao-Chih-Ping.
      • 3. In the preface of Pen-Tsao-Kung-Mu, the number of Pen-Ching-Cheng-Ping was 365. This was calculated based on the reversed text that appeared in Chen-Lei-Pen-Tsao. Even though it was not perfect, it was still a very valuable reference. Chung-Chih-Shen-Nung-Pen-Tsao-Ching, edited by Risshi Moris, was a better version. It was compiled based on the available documents. The authors verified this during the process of compiling the Chung-Chih-Ming-I-Pieh-Lu.
  86. 陳甘霖、陳秀和、張光雄、謝明村 (1995)。中藥方劑微波乾燥法之評估。醫學研究，15:6 1995.05 [民 84.05]，409-416。[Ref NCL]
  87. 陳梅生、謝明村、林昭庚 (1995)。臺灣地區中醫藥教育。中醫藥雜誌，6:2 1995.06 [民 84.06]，75-91。[Ref NCL]
  88. Chueh, F., Hsieh, M., Chen, C., & Lin, M. (1995). DL-tetrahydropalmatine-produced hypotension and bradycardia in rats through the inhibition of central nervous dopaminergic mechanisms. Pharmacology, 51(4), 237–244. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The effects of DL-tetrahydropalmatine (THP; a main active substance of the Chinese herb corydalis), haloperidol (a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist), apomorphine and amphetamine on cardiovascular function and striatal dopamine (DA) release were compared in rats under general anesthesia. Intravenous administration of THP (1–10 mg/kg) or haloperidol (0.5–1.25 mg/kg) produced hypotension, bradycardia and increased DA release in the striatum. On the other hand, amphetamine (0.5–1.25 mg/kg) produced hypertension, tachycardia and increased striatal DA release. However, intravenous injection of apomorphine (0.5–1.25 mg/kg) produced hypotension, bradycardia and decreased striatal DA release. In addition, the THP-induced hypotension was attenuated by pretreatment with spinal transection or amphetamine, while the THP-induced bradycardia was attenuated by pretreatment with bilateral vagotomy or amphetamine. Thus, it appears that THP acts through DA D2 receptor antagonism to induce hypotension and bradycardia in rats.
  89. Chueh, F.Y., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, C.F., & Lin, M.T. (1995). Hypotensive and bradycardic effects of dl-tetrahydropalmatine mediated by decrease in hypothalamic serotonin release in the rat. The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 69(2), 177–180. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    In anesthetized rats, intravenous administration of dl-tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP, 1-10 mg/kg) elicited proportional hypotension, bradycardia and decreases in hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) release (measured by carbon-fiber electrodes in combination with voltammetry). In addition, postsynaptic blockade of 5-HT2 receptors with cyproheptadine (2-5 mg/kg, i.v.) or ketanserin (2-5 mg/kg, i.v.) produced both hypotension and bradycardia, while stimulation of 5-HT2 receptors with 1-(2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) (10-250 mg/kg, i.v.) produced both hypertension and tachycardia. The dl-THP-induced hypotension and bradycardia could be reversed by DOI treatment. The data indicate that dl-THP decreases both arterial pressure and heart rate through a serotonergic release process in the hypothalamus.
  90. Lin, J., Wu, L., Tsai, K., Leu, S., Jeang, Y., & Hsieh, M. (1995). Effects of ginseng on the blood chemistry profile of dexamethasone-treated male rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 23(02), 167–172. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Ginseng, a panacea in the Orient, has been widely investigated in the last two decades and found to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities including anti-fatigue properties, a transient regulatory action on metabolism and blood pressure, and an increase in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical activities. However, a panoramic clinical chemistry study including adrenal and thyroid functions has never been done before. Two experiments with the same design but different concentrations of dexamethasone were performed in this study. The results obtained from the two experiments indicated that ginseng administration at this regime did not influence the blood chemistry profiles in normal rats, but significantly decreased AST and ALT levels from those in dexamethasone-treated ones. It implies that ginseng has a liver-protective effect. Meanwhile, ginseng therapy restores the adrenal and thyroid functions of rats inhibited by dexamethasone treatment.
  91. Hsieh, M.T., Wu, L.Y., Peng, W.H., & Chen, C.F. (1995). Effects of Corydalis Tuber on the thyroid function in rats. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 47, 447-456. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The effects of Corydalis tuber extracts on the thyroid function of rats were investigated in this study. The methanol, n-butanol, water, and chloroform extracts of Corydalis tubers significantly decreased thyroid function in hyperthyroid rats after 14 days of treatment. The chloroform Bextract also possessed antithyroid activity, similar to the effects of propylthiouracil (PTU). Corydalis tuber extracts did not influence TSH level on thyroid and pituitary weight in normal rats whereas PTU increased thyroid gland weight. The chloroform Bextract of Corydalis tubers decreased TRH-induced TSH levels in hyperthyroid rats after 20 days of treatment whereas PTU increased TSH levels in hyperthyroid rats. These results suggest that (±)-tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP), a protoberberine-type alkaloid isolated from the chloroform Bextract of Corydalis tubers, is the active ingredient of Corydalis yunhusuo. The mechanism of action may be related to inhibition of TSH secretion in the pituitary.
  92. 張賢哲、那琦、謝明村、張永勳 (1995)。署預效能及方劑應用之考察。中國醫藥學院雜誌，4:1 1995.06 [民 84.06]，67-78。 [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 署預（署豫、薯蕷）為山藥之古名，首載於神農本草經，自古即為習用之補養藥，歷代諸家本草及方書都有很詳細的記載。從歷代諸家本草所記載之效能予歸納分析，可分別為：滋養補益、健脾止瀉、滋腎強陰、固精止頻尿、益肺止咳、久服聰耳明目不饑延年、除寒熱邪氣、消瘡腫、止帶、治消渴等。
    • 從中國醫學大辭典及歷代名醫良方注釋二書共一萬三千多方劑中，查出含署預（山藥）之方劑共 333 方，就其出典、組成、藥名分別為署預或山藥之方劑、藥對配藥，方劑之臨床應用等歸納統計分析之。
    • 歷代本草及方劑典籍中，收載了很多古代醫藥家寶貴的臨床經驗及智慧結晶，探研分析解讀古典醫藥文獻，為今日藥學研究上非常重要的工作，本研究以現代分析來探研薯蕷（山藥）在我國本草方劑典籍中之內容。
    Chang, H.C., Na, C., Hsieh, M.T., & Chang, Y.S. (1995). Textual research on the traditional Chinesee medicinal uses in Pentsao and prescriptions for Dioscorea rhizophora. China Medical College Journal, 4(1), 21-28.
    Abstract
    • Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a very important pharmaceutical plant not only in traditional Chinese medicine but also in the modern science. It is an important agricultural food and one of the starting material for the synthesis of medicinal steroids. There are more than three hundred papers included chemical, botany, pharmacognosy, pharmacolog and culture have been published.
    • The ancient Chinese medicinal books had many precious records for Dioscoree Rhizophora, but there are very rare research done in this classic field. Study on the ancient Chinese medician books is very important to open the accumulated knowledge from old generations, but the great amount of books and difficult Chinese medicinal terminologies make this classic textual research a great difficult work. In this paper, we present a new research model for the analysis and comment in Pentsao and Chinese prescriptions.Shu-Yu (薯蕷) was the ancient name before Tung Dynasty (唐代), Shan-Yao (山藥) is the common name. In the 13,000 prescriptions surveyed, there were 333 prescriptions which contained Dioscoreae Rhizophora. Among them, only 4% of the prescriptions used the name "Shu-Yu". In Pentsao, the medicinal uses of Dioscoree Rhizophora are divided into (1) nourishment and supplement; (2) to invigorate both spleen and stomach, and cure diarrhea; (3) to reinforce the kidney, to strengthen the essence of Yin, to stop nocturnal emission and to cure frequent urination; (4) to benefit the lung and relieve cough; (5) to improve visual and auditory acuity, benefit the spirits, and prolong life, after long term use; (6) to eliminate chill and fever evil factor affecting health; (7) to cure carbuncles, scabies, and abscesses; (8) to cure leukorrhea, and (9) diabetes.
    • In the 333 prescriptions which contained Dioscoree Rhizophora, the origin of the prescriptions, the composition, drugs paired, and clinical applications were analysed.
  93. 张永勋，谢明村 (1995). 台湾地区中药研究现况及发展趋势。中药材，18(12)，637-640。[Ref NSTL] [Ref BL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本文主要从中药研究技术力量天然化学研究中药药理的研究中药研究方面与大型研究计划群等方面介绍了台湾地区的中药研究现状以及未来的发展趋势。
  94. 劉淑鈴、謝明村、蔡輝彥、張永勳 (1995)。遠志炮炙方法之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，4:2 1995.12 [民 84.12]，107-114。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 遠志性溫燥，內服刺激性強，生用常用【戟喉刺舌】的副作用，若不用甘草炮炙，則易引起惡心嘔吐、舌麻木等症狀，故需經甘草炮炙後方能用於臨床。故本研究將遠志遵循古法，使用甘草湯炮炙後，比較其成品性狀、毒性、溶血、鎮靜、鎮痛、抗痙攣及長期給藥後來檢測血液中血球及內臟等作用，於中醫臨床應用遠志時，如何加以炮炙，俾減低副作用及增強療效。
    • 生遠志與炙遠志之水萃取物經乾燥後有吸潮現象，而以生遠志潮解較快。炙遠志萃取物嚐之皆有甘草之香甜，確可緩和遠志之辛澀感。遠志萃取物又服其毒性相近似。惟腹腔注射，水萃取物以炙遠志毒性比生遠志強，正丁醇萃取物毒性以生遠志比炙遠志強。生遠志及炙遠志之溶血指數皆為 2857，尤其正丁醇層萃取物之溶血指數生遠志：5714，炙遠志：5000，雖使用甘草炙亦並不能降低其溶血之副作用。生遠志與炙遠志對 pentobarbital 所致的睡眠運動作用，可延長睡眠時問，縮短 onset 時間；對醋酸引起的疼痛，亦可減少扭轉次數；又對於中樞神經興奮劑 strychnine 與 picrotoxin 引起的痙攣，皆有延緩死亡時間。
    • 甘草炙遠志並不能降低生遠志之溶血毒性，長期給藥亦沒有改善血液質，亦不能增強其鎮靜、鎮痛及抗驚攣作用，因此在中醫臨床應用上並不能憑藉以甘草炙遠志以減低其毒，應宜考慮其長期服用時，遠志有溶血作用之毒性。
    Liu, S.L., Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, H.Y., & Chang, Y.S. (1995). Studies on the processing methods of Polygalae radix. China Medical College Journal, 4(2), 107-114.
    Abstract
    • Polygalae Radix is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia of Polygalacee family. It is warmer and drier in nature and has a side effect of throat and tongue stabbing feeling when taking directly without processing. Traditionally, it is usually macerated with decoction prepared from Glycyrrhizae Radix to avoid nausea, vomiting and tongue numbness side effects. Following the traditional method, Polygalae Radix was processed with Glycyrrhizae Radix. The processed and unprocessed Polygalae Radix were evaluated for their toxic, hemolytic, sedative, analgesic and anticonvulsive effects in mice. The blood cell counts and the weight of liver, spleen, adrenal gland after long term administration of two Polygalae Radix were compared. Both extract of unprocessed and processed Polygalae Radix showed hygroscopie activites. The unprocessed one was more tend to adsorb moisture than the processed one. The processed Polygalae Radix tasted sweeter with less acrid feeling.
    • The LD50 of water extract and 1-butanol extract of both samples were similar when administered orally. However, when administered intraperitoneally, the water extract of processed Polygalae Radix showed more toxic than the unprocessed one while the 1-butanol extract of unprocessed Polygalae Radix showed more toxic than the processed one. The hemolysis index of water extract of both samples were al 2857 while the hemolysis index of the 1-butanol extract of unprocessed Polygalae Radix was 5714 and 5000 for the processed sample. After a month long administration, the processed Polygalae radix did not showed any reduction of hemolytic side effect of the drug. Both unprocessed and processed Polygalae Radix prolong the sleeping time of mice induced by pentobarbital with shorter onset time. Both samples reduced the twist number of time induced by acetic acid and reduced the convulsion caused by strychnine and picrotoxin.
    • Therefore, the Glycyrrhizae Radix processed Polygalae Radix can not reduce the hemolytic side effect even after long term administration. It can not enhance the sedative, analgesic and anticonvulsant effect of Polygalae Radix. Therefore in clinical application, we can not rely on the Glycyrrhizae Radix to reduce the side effect of Polygalae Radix. On the contrary, the hemolytic side effect of Polygalae Radix should be noted when the drug is administered for a longer term.
  95. Hsieh, M.T., Chiang, Y.F., Tsai, H.Y., & Peng, W.H. (1996). Sedative and analgesic effects of Actinidiae stem. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 48, 77-89. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • In this study, we extracted Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. setosa Li (AC) stem with 95 % ethanol. The ethanol extract was then partitioned with varying organic solvents to obtain chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions. Behavioral methods were then employed to investigate the sedative and analgesic effects and the mechanism of action of each fraction.
    • The ethanol extract of AC and the four solvent fractions possessed low toxicity. The ethanol extract prolonged the sleeping time induced by hexobarbital in mice and reduced the motor activity of rats. The water fraction had the strongest sedative effect. None of the ethanol extracts displayed muscle relaxant activity. Both the ethanol extract and the water fraction increased the hot plate-induced pain response time and acetic acid-induced writhing response. The water fraction also enhanced the analgesic effect produced by baclofen and potentiated the hypomotility produced by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and baclofen.
    • These results show that AC possesses sedative and analgesic activities. Of the four solvent fractions, the water fraction exhibited the strongest sedative and analgesic activities. We speculate that its sedative effects might be mediated by increases in serotonergic and GABA-Bergic activities whereas its analgesic effects could be due to increases in GABA-Bergic activities.
  96. 陳忠川、邱年永、葉豐次、謝文全、林郁進、林敦生、郭啟文、郭昭麟、謝明村 (1996)。中藥材之鑑定研究。中醫藥年報，12:2 1996.05 [民 85.05]，263-318。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究結果已辨明 24 種中藥之眞偽與來源植物，利用顯微鏡解剖藥材觀察其內部構造，粉末特徵，繪圖，同時述各藥材之內部，粉未組織之內容，並就市售中藥之來源植物，進行實驗調查探集，綜合各方面之鑑定，本研究結果可作為標準品提供中藥 GMP 檢驗標準之參考。
  97. 謝明村 (1996)。定志丸鎮靜作用之藥理學研究。中醫藥年報，12:2 1996.05 [民 85.05]，331-357。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., Chueh, F.Y., Liu, S.L., & Chu, C.C. (1996). Studies on the sedative effects of Ting-chih-wan. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 12(2), 331-357.
    Abstract
    • Ting-Chih-Wan was originally described in Thousand-Golden-Prescriptions. It is made up of Radix Ginseng, Poria, Radix Polygalae, and Rhizoma Acori Graminei. Until Prescriptions People's Welfare Pharmacy, its compositions, in addition to the compositions in Ting-Chih-Wan, were supplemented with cinnabaris. The combination of Ting-Chih-Wan is widely used in nourishing the heart, calming the mental state, and keeping heart-fire and kidney-water in balance; mainly for cases attributed to insufficiency of heart-energy and imbalance between heart-fire and kidney-water, which are manifested as dreamfulness, timidness, palpitation, and insomnia.
    • The study of prescription is a science of explaining and studying the compatibility of ingredients in a prescription. Reasonable combination of the drugs not only can strengthen the action of the drugs and diminish their adverse effects, but also can produce somewhat new therapeutic effects. So, we separated the TCW into four groups. Group A consists of Radix Ginseng, Group B consists of Poria, Radix Polygalae, and Rhizoma Acori Graminei. Group C is a formula described in Thousand-Golden-Prescriptions. Group D is a formula described in Prescriptions People's Welfare Pharmacy. The purpose of our present study is to compare and explain the compatibility of ingredients by behavioral pharmacologic methods and to investigate the sedative mechanism of TCW.
    • All of Group B, C, D not only prolonged the duration of sleeping time induced by hexobarbital but also produced a significant decrease in locomotor activity. Group C has a better sedative effect than Group A and B. However, Group A produces the sedative effect at a higher dosage. On the other hand, Group B, C, D significantly prolonged the time of tonic convulsion induced by strychnine or pentylenetetrazol, with Group C having the better anticonvulsive effect. All of Group A, B, C, D showed no muscle relaxant effect; we can definitively conclude that the mechanism is related to the central nervous system.
    • In oral administration of 0.5g/kg Group C, it reduced hypermotilities produced by L-dopa plus benserazide and PCPA and potentiated hypomotilities produced by α-MT, reserpine, 5-HTP, and baclofen. According to the above results, we believe that the sedative mechanism of Ting-Chih-Wan might be involved in the decrease in central catecholaminergic activity and the increase in central serotonergic activity and GABAergic activities.
    (English abstract has more authors than Chinese header)
  98. 謝貴雄、沈建忠、謝明村、陳春發、李聰亮 (1996)。中藥對過敏原特異性和非特異性之氣管過度性反應之影響。中醫藥年報，13:1 1996.05 [民 85.05]，1-10。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    爲了探討中藥方劑治療氣喘的療效果如何，有必要建立氣喘病動物模式。本研究利用以下實驗來探討其作用機轉。在不麻醉天竺鼠的情況下，以 1％卵蛋白爲過敏原，讓天竺鼠吸入過敏原連續七天，使天竺鼠致敏，休息七天後再以不同濃度的卵蛋白來做過敏原刺激（antigen challenge），引發氣喘。利用動物肺功能機器測其肺功能的變化，肺功能的評估將採用身體體積量法（body plethysmography）以持續長時間測其呼吸道壓力，氣流量和呼吸道阻力的變化。結果顯示以 2％卵蛋白做過敏原刺激所引發氣喘效果最好。試驗中藥先選用柴朴湯，在天竺鼠吸入過敏原連續七天後，再連續服用七天的柴朴湯，接著做過敏原刺激（antigen challenge），引發氣喘。結果顯示又服 1.0g/kg、0.5g/kg 及 0.1g/kg 的柴朴湯在 2％卵蛋白過敏原刺激 60 秒下，都可降低早發型的氣管收縮。
    Hsieh, K.S., Shen, J.J., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, C.F., & Lee, T.L. (1996). The effect of Chinese herb drugs on the allergen-specific and non-specific airway hyperresponsiveness. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 13(1), 1-10.
    Abstract
    We describe a guinea pig model of asthma in which animals were sensitized and challenged by inhalation of aerosolized ovalbumin. Challenge was performed under cover of chlorpheniramine maleate (10 mg/kg) to avoid fatal anaphylactic reaction in these sensitized animals. Airway resistance and thoracic gas volume of conscious guinea pigs was assessed by whole body plethysmography before and at regular intervals for as long as 72 h after challenge. Challenge with 2% ovalbumin caused an early fall in airway resistance. These results will provide a solid background for research on the Chinese traditional anti-asthmatic medicines. We first try Chair-Poh-Tang-tang, a traditional Chinese medicine, which is an herbal compound mixture composed of the two preparations, Sheau-Chair-Hwu-tang and Bann-Shiah-Hair-tang. In our study, we find Chair-Poh-Tang-tang can stop antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized guinea pig.
  99. 張永勳、謝明村、黃順爵、邱年永、廖容君、江睿玲、李威著、鄧正賢、何玉鈴 (1996)。中藥藥材品質管制規格之研究(3)。中醫藥年報，13:2 1996.05 [民 85.05]，193-228。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本計畫配合政府推行中藥 GMP 政策，提高中藥及中藥製劑水準，以行政院衛生署公佈之「臨床常用中藥標準方」198 個方劑中之藥物，依其出現頻率依次排列之順序，除一部份本年度前已完成者外，選擇最常用中藥:黃耆、半夏、杜仲、知母、防己、茯苓、豬苓及吳茱萸等八味藥材，進行藥材化學品管規格之研究。進行藥典中一般生藥之（1）乾燥減重（2）灰分測定（3）酸不溶性灰分（4）稀醇抽提物之含量測定。
    • 各種藥材由全省各地市面上各取樣 20 種，分別進行上述各項化學評估，其結果如下表：
    藥材乾燥減重 (%)
    平均值 - 標準差    		總灰分 (%)
    平均值 - 標準差    		酸不溶性灰分 (%)
    平均值 + 標準差    		稀醇抽提物 (%)
    平均值 - 標準差
    黃耆14.80 + 3.084.54 + 0.860.30 + 0.1010.59 - 2.53
    半夏14.57 + 2.303.14 + 1.680.60 + 0.661.95 - 0.64
    杜仲10.18 + 1.166.30 + 0.683.30 + 0.434.07 - 0.98
    知母19.60 + 1.853.67 + 0.590.32 + 0.0921.95 - 2.75
    防己13.61 + 1.163.47 + 1.020.22 + 0.173.72 - 0.66
    茯苓17.67 + 2.010.18 + 0.080.02 + 0.010.81 - 0.15
    豬苓14.38 + 0.366.17 + 2.360.35 + 0.211.23 - 0.33
    吳茱萸14.26 + 0.677.31 + 0.710.27 + 0.1115.15 - 2.08
    • 另外也作 TLC 薄層層析之定性鑑別，由個別藥物所開發出來之 TLC 分析條件可進提供含此生藥複方製劑之參考，以達到全面提昇中藥品質之理想。
    Chang, Y.S., Liao, J.C., Ho, Y.L., Lee, V.J., Jiang, R.L., Teng, C.H., Huang, S.C., Chiou, N.Y., & Hsieh, M.T. (1996). Studies on the quality control specification of Chinese crude drugs (III). Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 13(2), 193-228.
    Abstract
    • In comply with the GMP policies of the Health Bureau of the Republic of China on preparations of Chinese Crude drugs, a fundamental chemical quality specifications of each individual crude drugs were essential. Most frequently used crude drugs which appeared in "Commonly Used Standard Chinese Prescriptions" published by the Health Bureau, were chosen for chemical evaluation. Those cumulated values will be helpful for formulating the official quality specification in the future version of Pharmacopeia.
    • Eight species of crude drugs were chosen for evaluation in the current year project. There are Radix Astragali (Astragalus membranaceus), Rhizoma Pinelliae (Pinellia ternta), Cortex Eucommiae (Eucommia ulmoides), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (Anemarrhena asphodeloides), Radix Kwangfangchi (Aristolochia fangchi), Poria (Poria cocos), Polyporus (Grifola umbellatus), Fructus Evodiae (Evodia rutacecarpai).
    • Twenty samples of each commercially available crude drugs were randomly collected from around the island, and were evaluated for (1) Loss on drying, (2) Percentage of total ash, (3) Percentage of acid insoluble ash and (4) Percentage of dilute ethanol extract. The results were listed below:
    HerbLoss on Drying (%)
    Mean + SD    		Total Ash (%)
    Mean + SD    		Acid Insoluble Ash (%)
    Mean + SD    		Dilute Ethanol Extract (%)
    Mean - SD
    Radix Astragali14.80 + 3.084.54 + 0.860.30 + 0.1010.59 - 2.53
    Rhizoma Pinelliae14.57 + 2.303.14 + 1.680.60 + 0.661.95 - 0.64
    Cortex Eucommiae10.18 + 1.166.30 + 0.683.30 + 0.434.07 - 0.98
    Rhizoma Anemarrhenae19.60 + 1.853.67 + 0.590.32 + 0.0921.95 - 2.75
    Radix Kwangfangchi13.61 + 1.163.47 + 1.020.22 + 0.173.72 - 0.66
    Poria17.67 + 2.010.18 + 0.080.02 + 0.010.81 - 0.15
    Polyporus14.38 + 0.366.17 + 2.360.35 + 0.211.23 - 0.33
    Fructus Evodiae14.26 + 0.677.31 + 0.710.27 + 0.1115.15 - 2.08
    • Besides, thin layer chromatograms of these crude drugs were also compared. The solvent system developed wil be useful for identification of compound formula products.
  100. 張永勳、廖容君、何玉鈴、黃順爵、邱年永、謝明村 (1996)。中藥材品質管制之研究（二）。中醫藥年報，12:2 1996.05 [民 85.05]，85-121。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本計畫配合政府推行中藥 GMP 政策，提高中藥及中藥製劑水準，以行政院衛生署公佈之「臨床常用中藥標準方」198 個方劑中之藥物，依其出現頻率依次排列之順序，除一部份本年度前已完成者外，選擇最常用中藥:附子、蒼朮、白朮、川芎、升麻、連翹、酸棗仁、及辛夷等八味藥材，進行藥材化學品管規格之研究。進行藥典中一般生藥之（1）乾燥減重（2）灰分測定（3）酸不溶性灰分（4）稀醇抽提物之含量測定。
    • 各種藥材由全省各地市面上各取樣 20 種，分別進行上述各項化學評估，其結果如下表。
    • 另外也作 TLC 薄層層析之定性鑑別，由個別藥物所開發出來之 TLC 分析條件可進而提供含此生藥複方製劑之參考，以達到全面提昇中藥品質之理根。
    Chang, Y.S., Liao, J.C., Ho, Y.L., Huang, S.C., Chiou, N.Y., Hsieh, M.T., & Lee, V.J. (1996). Studies on the quality control specification of Chinese crude drugs (II). Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 12(2), 85-121.
    Abstract
    • In comply with the GMP policies of the Health Bureau of the Republic of China on preparations of Chinese Crude drugs, a fundamental chemical quality specifications of each individual crude drugs were essential. Most frequently used crude drugs which appeared in "Commonly Used Standard Chinese Prescriptions" published by the Health Bureau, were chosen for chemical evaluation. Those cumulated values wil be helpful for formulating the official quality specification in the future version of Pharmacopeia.
    • Eight species of crude drugs were chosen for evaluation in the current year project. There are Aconiti Carmichaeli Radix Preparatae (Aconitum carmichaeli), Atractyloidis Rhizoma (Atracrylodes lancea), Atractyloidis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Atractylodes macrocephala), Ligustici Wallichii Rhizoma (Ligusticum wallichii), Cimicifugae Rhizoma (Cimicifuga foctida), Forsythiae Fructus (Forsythia suspensa), Zizyphi Spinosae Semen (Zizyphus sativa var. spinosa), Magnoliae Liliflorae Flos (Magnolia liliflora).
    • Twenty samples of each commercially available crude drugs were randomly collected from around the island, and were evaluated for (1) Loss on drying, (2) Percentage of total ash, (3) Percentage of acid insoluble ash and (4) Percentage of dilute ethanol extract. The results were listed below.
    • Besides, thin layer chromatograms of these crude drugs were also compared. The solvent system developed will be useful for identification of compound formula products.
  101. 陳忠川、謝明村、邱年永、謝文全、林郁進 (1996)。中藥材之鑑定研究。中醫藥年報，13:2 1996.05 [民 85.05]，229-260。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究之目地在於辨明中藥之眞偽與來源植物，利用顯微鏡以解剖藥材，觀察其內部構造，粉末特徵，繪圖，並敍述各藥材之內部，粉末組織之內容，並就市售中藥之來源植物，進行實際調查採集，綜合各方面之鑑定，以作為標準品提供中藥 GMP 之檢驗標準。本年度完成下列 12 種中藥之研究，茲列舉其學名如下：
    • 1. 山豆根 Sophora subprostrata Chun et T. Chen (Leguminosae)
    • 2. 巴戟天 Morinda officinalis How (Rubiaceae)
    • 3. 桂皮 Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira (Lauraceae)
    • 4. 槲寄生 Viscum album var. formosanum Hayata (Loranthaceae)
    • 5. 金櫻子 Rosa laevigata Michx (Rosaceae)
    • 6. 紫蘇子 Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Labiatae)
    • 7. 廣防己 Aristulochia fangchi Wu (Menispermaceae)
    • 8. 芫花 Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. (Thymelaeaceae)
    • 9. 附子 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. (Ranunculaceae)
    • 10. 山奈 Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae)
    • 11. 甘遂 Euphorbia kansui T.N. Liou ex T.P. Wang (Euphorbiaceae)
    • 12. 紅大戟 Knoxia valerianoides Thorel et Pitard (Rubiaceae)
    Chen, C.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chiu, N.Y., Yeh, C.F., Hsieh, W.C., Lin, T.H., Lin, Y.J., Kuo, C.W., & Kuo, T.L. (1996). Pharmacognostical studies on Chinese crude drugs. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 13(2), 229-260.
    Abstract
    This study identified the authenticity of the crude drugs and their plant origins. The inner structure of the crude drugs and their powder characteristics were examined by microscopic methods and the results were documented by hand drawing and photographic methods. Those documented figures were supplemented with the morphological descriptions of the inner structure of the crude drugs and the characteristics of the powders. A survey of the origins of each investigated crude drug on the Taiwanese market was also included. These results will provide authentic information for quality control standards for implementing GMP practice on Chinese crude drugs preparations. This study selected 12 species from 360 species recorded in the Chinese Crude Drugs Pharmacopoeia published by the Ministry of Health, Executive Yuan, Republic of China. Forty-two species had been completed previously. The names of the 12 species completed in the current year project are listed below:
    • 1. Sophora subprostrata Chun et T. Chen (Leguminosae)
    • 2. Morinda officinalis How (Rubiaceae)
    • 3. Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kanehira (Lauraceae)
    • 4. Viscum album var. formosanum Hayata (Loranthaceae)
    • 5. Rosa laevigata Michx (Rosaceae)
    • 6. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Labiatae)
    • 7. Aristulochia fangchi Wu (Menispermaceae)
    • 8. Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. (Thymelaeaceae)
    • 9. Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. (Ranunculaceae)
    • 10. Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae)
    • 11. Euphorbia kansui T.N. Liou ex T.P. Wang (Euphorbiaceae)
    • 12. Knoxia valerianoides Thorel et Pitard (Rubiaceae)
  102. 葉豐次、謝明村、許喬木、林郁進 (1996)。臺灣產紫鉚之藥用動物資源之研究。中醫藥年報，13:2 1996.05 [民 85.05]，261-281。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    紫鉚於唐本草始著錄（西元 659 年），有签陽精，去陰帶氣之作用，近代除用為內服藥外，其蟲膠色素（Lacdye）亦可用爲染料及食用色素。紫膠蟲 Laccifer lacca Kerr 為節肢動物門昆蟲綱同翅目膠蚧科（lacciferidae）之一種昆蟲，棲息於熱帶地區。紫膠蟲之卵在母體內成熟後，由輸卵管排出至母體尾部，母體肛門部位因收縮而呈孔穴狀，卵孵化後，即由此孔穴爬出，孵化時間以中午最多，晚間即停止孵化。孵化後之幼蟲，即爬行至寄生植物之幼嫩枝上群集，並固定於樹枝上吸取樹汁，且分泌膠質覆蓋蟲體。生性怕光照而好陰，但有趨光性，亦怕雨水與低氣溫，一般在 22°C 下即行動不活潑，在 13°C 下即全部凍死。雌幼蟲要蛻皮三次才成蟲，成蟲後期，整個蟲體均被蟲膠覆蓋。雄幼蟲經蛻皮後，進入蛹期，經 45~60 日羽化為雄成蟲，並開始變態能爬動，有翅雄成蟲約遲 10 天出穴，無翅成蟲較早成熟，出穴後，即行交配時期，經交配後死亡，蛹前蟲體細長，臘質物分泌減少，膠殼呈黃色，蟲體在膠殼內蛻皮，而變成前蛹與蛹。紫膠蟲之傳播方式以人為放養接種取蟲膠可能性最大，如孵化期被剪斷而隨意棄置之樹枝亦是傳染源之一。臺灣地區以南部較適合紫膠蟲之繁殖，而北部之氣候則不適宜其生長。臺灣最適宜紫膠蟲寄生之植物計有 8 科 11 種。紫膠蟲之繁殖應可規劃在某些區域內之非經濟作物，予以放養，亦可找新寄主放養，如葛藤、大葉相思樹與大葉千斤拔等植物。
    Yeh, F.T., Hsu, C.M., & Hsieh, M.T. (1996). Research for the pharmaceutical animal source of Lacca in Taiwan. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 13(2), 261-281.
    Abstract
    • An original description of TZU-Kuang (紫鉚) was written down in Kai-Pao-Pents'ao (659’s). It is used as an aphrodisiac and for treating amenorrhea. Recently, it has been used as an oral drug, and its lac dye has served as a good coloring agent.
    • Indian lac, Laccifer lacca, is an insect belonging to the family Lacciferidae and inhabits tropical areas. The eggs mature within the mother’s body and are discharged at the end of the mother. Due to contraction around the mother’s anus, a hole is exposed, and the larvae climb out. After the eggs hatch, the larvae crawl onto small boughs of the parasitic tree, gather, fix themselves, and suck sap while secreting lac to cover their bodies. They dislike light, rain, and cold. Generally, they become inactive below 22°C, and die below 13°C. The female larvae molt three times to become imagos.
    • During the imago stage, they are covered with lac. After molting, the male larvae enter the pupa stage and emerge as adult males within 45-60 days, flying out to mate with female imagos before dying. It’s possible that the dissemination of Indian lac insects is managed artificially by placing them on boughs of other parasitic trees to cultivate lac for varnish production the following year.
    • Another possible type of dissemination could involve reproduction in southern Taiwan, where the insects might breed on other kinds of non-economic plants. Meanwhile, it may be beneficial to introduce them to other new parasitic plants, such as Pueraria lobata, Acacia confusa, and Moghania macrophylla, for sustainable breeding.
    (rewritten 2024-11-11)
  103. 謝明村 (1996)。定志丸對避暗學習反應之影響。中醫藥年報，13:3 1996.05 [民 85.05]，189-206。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 定志丸首載唐・孫思邈之《備急千金方》，由人參、遠志、茯苓及石菖蒲四味藥所組成。但至宋・和劑局方多加一味，以硃砂為衣，主治因心氣不足所致之心悸、失眠、健忘等症。惜迄今仍未見其相關之研究報告，因此本研究乃採傳統的方劑組成原則，分別以君藥、不含君藥、千金方、和劑局方四種配伍方式，以現代行為藥理學方法（自發運動量、避暗學習法、熱板法），來探討其對於中樞神經系統之影響及方劑組成與主治功能間之關聯性以及硃砂於定志丸方中之必要性。最後再以藥理作用最強者，作更進一步之藥理機轉探討。
    • 結果顯示，唐・孫思邈之《備急千金方》，不論在鎮靜及防治記憶障礙之作用上，均較和劑局方記載之定志丸為佳。至於茯苓、遠志、石菖蒲在方中有協同人參（君藥）之作用，單獨併用則作用較不明顯，甚至不產生效果。再者，和劑局方中之硃砂並無增強鎮靜與改善學習記憶障礙之作用，且因獨用多用，反而會有毒性產生，故並無實質的方劑組成意義。
    • 在改善學習記憶作用上，以千金方定志丸最爲顯著。其作用之機轉，於二週長期又服給藥之防治學習記憶障礙作用上，則可能與中樞 cholinergic system、dopaminergic system 之活性調節有關。
    Hsieh, M.T. (1996). Effects of Ting-Chih-Wan on the passive avoidance response in rats. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 13(3), 189-206.
    Abstract
    • Ting-Chih-Wan was originally described in Thousand-Golden-Prescriptions. It is made up of Radix Ginseng, Poria, Radix Polygalae, and Rhizoma Acori Graminei. Until Prescriptions People's Welfare Pharmacy, its compositions in addition to the compositions in Ting-Chih-Wan were supplemented with cinnabaris. The combination of Ting-Chih-Wan is widely used in nourishing the heart, calming the mental state, and keeping heart-fire and kidney-water in balance, mainly for cases attributed to insufficiency of heart-energy and imbalance between heart-fire and kidney-water, which are manifested as dreamfulness, timidness, palpitation, and insomnia.
    • The study of prescription is a science of explaining and studying the compatibility of ingredients in a prescription. Reasonable combination of the drugs not only can strengthen the action of the drugs and diminish their adverse effects, but also can produce somewhat new therapeutic effects. So, we separated materials into four portions. Group A consists of Radix Ginseng. Group B consists of Poria, Radix Polygalae, and Rhizoma Acori Graminei. Group C is a formula described in Thousand-Golden-Prescriptions. Group D is a formula described in Prescriptions People's Welfare Pharmacy. The purpose of our present study is to compare and explain the compatibility of ingredients by behavioral pharmacologic methods, and to investigate the passive avoidance of TCW.
    • In 2-week consecutive administration of Group A, B, C, D, Group C produced a significant increase in locomotor activity. We can define that the mechanism is related to the central nervous system. 0.05-0.5 g/kg Group C increases central serotonergic activity. On the other hand, it improved the impairment of learning and memory induced by scopolamine and sulpiride on passive avoidance.
    • According to the above results, we believe that the stimulation and the improvement of learning and memory of Group C might be due to the increase in central cholinergic and dopaminergic activity.
    (translated title, contains English abstract)
  104. 謝明村 (1996)。補中益氣湯對單向抑制性被動避暗學習反應之影響。中醫藥年報，14:2 1996.05 [民 85.05]，1-23。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 補中益氣湯始載於元・ 李東垣之《脾胃論》，係由黃耆、人參、柴胡、升麻、白朮、灸甘草、陳皮、當歸八味方藥所組成，主治脾胃氣虛、中氣下陷者。在現代的臨床藥理研究報告中指出補中益氣湯具有鎭靜作用，然其機轉並未見有探討；另外日本山本的研究報告指出補中益氣湯治療健忘及老年痴呆也有效。據初步研究，本方一次給藥顯示有鎭靜作用，連續給藥一週則顯示有興奮作用。因此本研究之目的除了探討本方一次給藥之鎭靜作用機轉及連續給藥一週之興奮作用機轉之外，亦探討其是否能改善學習記憶。另外本研究依君臣佐使藥性之不同將補中益氣湯分為三組，比較其方劑組成之意義，以促進中醫藥之科學化。獲致結果如下：
    • 一次給藥組之 A、B、C 三組在大劑量時皆明顯延長由 hexobarbital 所誘發之睡眠時間；連續給藥組之三組在大劑量時皆明顯縮短睡眠時間。連續給藥組之 C 組大劑量時對 scopolamine 給藥後之 step-through latency （STL）有明顯延長作用，而 A、B、C 三組對 cycloheximide 給藥後之 STL 有明顯延長作用。在自發運動量的試驗中，採用 C 組（1.0 g/kg）來探討其鎭靜作用機轉，結果顯示一次給藥後可降低由 apomorphine、PCPA 所誘發之運動量興奮作用，加強由 α-MT、5-HT、Phaloperidol 所誘發之運動量抑制作用；連續給藥後可加強由 apomorphine、PCPA 所誘發之運動量興奮作用，拮抗由 α-MT、5-HTP、haloperidol 所誘發之運動量抑制作用。
    • 綜合以上之研究結果，顯示元・ 李東垣《脾胃論》之補中益氣湯在一次給藥（大劑量）後具有鎭靜作用，連續給藥（大劑量）後具有興奮作用。全方（C 組）在大劑量連續給藥後對於記憶之獲得、鞏固有明顯之改善，顯示其改善學習記憶障礙之作用機轉可能與增強中樞 cholinergic system 及 protein synthesis 之活性有關，而 A、B 組則可能與增強 protein synthesis 之活性有關。此外，全方（C 組）之鎭靜作用機轉可能與降低中樞 catecholaminergic system 之活性、增強 serotonergic system 之活性有關；而全方（C 組）之興奮作用機轉可能與增強中樞 catecholaminergic system 之活性、降低 serotonergic system 之活性有關。
  105. 陳忠川、謝明村、邱年永、謝文全、闕甫伈 (1996)。中藥材之鑑定研究。中醫藥年報，14:2 1996.05 [民 85.05]，301-359。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究之目的在於辨明中藥之眞偽與來源植物，利用顯微鏡以解剖藥材，觀察其內部構造、粉末特徵、繪圖，並敘述各藥材之內部，粉末組織之內容，並就市售中藥之來源植物，進行實際調集，綜合各方面之鑑定，以作為標準品提供中藥 GMP 之檢驗標準。本年度完成下列 24 種中藥之研究，茲列舉其學名如下:
    • 1. 紅骨蛇 Kadsura japonica (Linn.) Dunal. (Schisandraceae)
    • 2. 蓬莪朮 Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. (Zingiberaceae)
    • 3. 天麻 Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae)
    • 4. 何首烏 Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg (Polygonaceae)
    • 5. 龍船花 Clerodendrum paniculatum L. (Lamiaceae)
    • 6. 珠貝 Fritillaria thunbergii Baker (Liliaceae)
    • 7. 馬齒莧 Portulaca oleracea Linn. (Portulacaceae)
    • 8. 番瀉葉 Cassia acutifolia Delile (Cassia senna L.) (Leguminosae)
    • 9. 山慈姑 Tulipa edulis Baker (Liliaceae)
    • 10. 石韋 Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching (Polypodiaceae)
    • 11. 生薑 Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)
    • 12. 紫苑 Aster tataricus L. f. (Compositae)
    • 13. 豬苓 Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fr. (Polyporaceae)
    • 14. 茯苓 Poria cocos Wolf. (Polyporaceae)
    • 15. 知母 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Liliaceae)
    • 16. 北劉寄奴 Siphonostegia chinensis Benth (Scrophulariaceae)
    • 17. 白頭翁 Pulsatilla chinensis (Ranunculaceae)
    • 18. 五加皮 Acanthopanax gracilistylus W.W. Smith (Araliaceae)
    • 19. 秦皮 Fraxinus bungeana DC. (Oleaceae)
    • 20. 延胡索 Corydalis turtschaninovii Bees. (Papaveraceae)
    • 21. 萹蓄 Polygonum aviculare Linn. var. vegetum Ledebour (Polygonaceae)
    • 22. 夏枯草 Prunella vulgaris Linn. (Labiatae)
    • 23. 穀精草 Eriocaulon buergerianum Koernicke (Eriocaulaceae)
    • 24. 墨旱蓮 Eclipta prostrata L. (Compositae)
    Chen, C.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chiu, N.Y., Yeh, C.F., Hsieh, W.C., Lin, T.H., Lin, Y.J., Kuo, C.W., & Chuen, F.S. (1996). Pharmacognostical studies on Chinese crude drugs. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 14(2), 301-359.
    Abstract
    This study identified the authenticity of the crude drugs and their plant origins. The inner structure of the crude drugs and their powder characteristics were examined by microscopic methods, and the results were documented by hand drawing and photographic methods. Those documented figures were supplemented with the morphological descriptions of the inner structure of the crude drugs and the characteristics of the powders. A survey of the origins of each investigated crude drug on the Taiwanese market was also included. These results will provide authentic information for quality control standards for implementing GMP practices on Chinese crude drug preparations. This study selected 24 species from 360 species recorded in the Chinese Crude Drugs Pharmacopeia published by the Ministry of Health, Executive Yuan, Republic of China. Forty-two species had been completed previously. The names of the 24 species completed in the current year project are listed below:
    • 1. Kadsura japonica (Linn.) Dunal. (Schisandraceae)
    • 2. Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. (Zingiberaceae)
    • 3. Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae)
    • 4. Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg (Polygonaceae)
    • 5. Clerodendrum paniculatum L. (Lamiaceae)
    • 6. Fritillaria thunbergii Baker (Liliaceae)
    • 7. Portulaca oleracea Linn. (Portulacaceae)
    • 8. Cassia acutifolia Delile (Cassia senna L.) (Leguminosae)
    • 9. Tulipa edulis Baker (Liliaceae)
    • 10. Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching (Polypodiaceae)
    • 11. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)
    • 12. Aster tataricus L. f. (Compositae)
    • 13. Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fr. (Polyporaceae)
    • 14. Poria cocos Wolf. (Polyporaceae)
    • 15. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Liliaceae)
    • 16. Siphonostegia chinensis Benth (Scrophulariaceae)
    • 17. Pulsatilla chinensis (Ranunculaceae)
    • 18. Acanthopanax gracilistylus W.W. Smith (Araliaceae)
    • 19. Fraxinus bungeana DC. (Oleaceae)
    • 20. Corydalis turtschaninovii Bees. (Papaveraceae)
    • 21. Polygonum aviculare Linn. var. vegetum Ledebour (Polygonaceae)
    • 22. Prunella vulgaris Linn. (Labiatae)
    • 23. Eriocaulon buergerianum Koernicke (Eriocaulaceae)
    • 24. Eclipta prostrata L. (Compositae)
    (English abstract has more authors than Chinese header)
  106. Hsieh, M.T., Ho, Y.F., Peng, W.H., Wu, C.R., & Chen, C.F. (1996). Effects of Hemerocallis flava on motor activity and the concentration of central monoamines and its metabolites in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 52(2), 71–76. [Ref]
    Abstract
    In this study, we used behavioral and biochemical methods to investigate the effects of Hemerocallis flava (Liliaceae) (abbreviated as HF) on motor activity and the concentration of monoamines in rats. The water fraction of the resuspended HF extract was most active in reducing the motility in rats. The water fraction of the HF extract enhanced the reduction of locomotor activity produced by α-methyl-p-tyrosine and 5-hydroxytryptophan, but it reduced the increase of locomotor activity produced by l-dopa plus benserazide and p-chlorophenylalanine. Furthermore, the water fraction of the HF extract significantly decreased the concentration of norepinepherine in the cortex and the concentration of dopamine and serotonin in the brain stem. It also increased the concentration of vanilylmandelic acid in the cortex, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid in the brain stem. These results suggest that the reduction of locomotor activity produced by the water fraction of HF extract may be related to the decrease in the concentration of norepinepherine in the cortex and the concentration of dopamine and serotonin in brain stem.
  107. Wu, C.R., Hsieh, M.T., Huang, S.C., Peng, W.H., Chang, Y.S., & Chen, C.F. (1996). Effects of Gastrodia elata and its active constituents on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Planta Medica, 62(04), 317–321. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The effects of the rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) (abbreviated as GE) and its active constituents on learning and memory by using the one-trial passive avoidance task were studied in rats. At the 1.0 g/kg dose administered for one week, the methanol extract of GE significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by scopolamine in the passive avoidance task. Furthermore, at the 50.0 mg/kg dose administered for one week, the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the methanol extract prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by scopolamine in rats. Gastrodin, isolated from the n-butanol fraction of the methanol extract, and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract, also significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by scopolamine on the passive avoidance task. These results suggested that gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol may be the active constituents of GE.
  108. 謝明村，陳介甫，廖志飛，蔡輝彥 (1996)。中樞作用中藥之研究。中醫藥雜誌 7(1)：29-32。[Ref NCL issue, missing]
  109. Chang, Y.H., Hsieh, M.T., & Cheng, J.T. (1996). Increase of locomotor activity by acupuncture on Bai-Hui point in rats. Neuroscience Letters, 211(2), 121–124. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The effect of acupuncture on locomotor activity was investigated in rats. Stimulation with acupuncture inserted in Bai-Hui point, which is located at the vertex of the head, increased the spontaneous locomotor activity of rats measured in ANIMEX meter. This effect was obtained in rats which received acupuncture significantly at 60 min later as compared with sham-treated control. The sleeping time induced by hexobarbital was also reduced markedly in rats receiving acupuncture. An activation of the central nervous system by acupuncture at Bai-Hui point can thus be considered. This action was unrelated to opioids because naloxone failed to modify it. Increase in locomotor activity was abolished by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg) at 2 h before insertion of acupuncture. Deprenyl at the dose sufficient to elevate monoamine enhanced this action of acupuncture. Mediation of cerebral monoamines can also be considered. This view was supported by the dose-dependent inhibition of chlorpromazine. Action of acupuncture was not observed in apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) -treated rats, probably due to an activated receptor of dopamine. Otherwise, action of acupuncture was enhanced by para-chlorophenylalanine, the depleter of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and eliminated by 5-hydroxytryptophan, the precursor of 5-HT, in the initial stage of insertion. Participation of 5-HT can be considered as an initial way in rats that received acupuncture at Bai-Hui point. These results suggested that stimulation of Bai-Hui point with acupuncture can activate central neurotransmission of monoamines to increase the spontaneous locomotor activity in rats.
  110. 谢明村，褚俊杰，彭文煌，吴启瑞 (1996)。定志丸对东莨菪碱诱发大鼠被动回避反应的影响。中国中药杂志，21(8)，490-493。[Ref NSTL] [Ref BL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    唐·孙思邈《备急千金要方》的定志丸在防治记忆障碍作用上较《太平惠民和剂局方》记载的定志丸为佳。茯苓、远志、石菖蒲有协同人参之作用。《和剂局方》中的朱砂未见有改善学习记忆障碍的作用故无组成方剂意义。
  111. Lin, M., Chueh, F., Hsieh, M., & Chen, C. (1996). Antihypertensive effects of DL-tetrahydropalmatine: an active principle isolated from Corydalis. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, 23(8), 738–742. [Ref]
    Abstract
    • The effects of dl-tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP) on cardiovascular function and hypothalamic release of monomines were assessed in rats under urethane anaesthesia.
    • Intravenous administration of dl-THP (1-10 mg/kg) produced hypotension, bradycardia, a decrease in hypothalamic serotonin and noradrenaline release and in increase in hypothalamic dopamine release in rats.
    • Intrahypothalamic administration of DOI (a serotonergic 5-HT2 receptor antagonist) or apomorphine (a dopamine D2-receptor agonist) produced the opposite effects and reversed dl-THP-induced hypotension and bradycardia.
    • The data suggest that dl-THP acts through the 5-HT2 and/or D2-receptor antagonism in the hypothalamus to induce hypotension and bradycardia in rats.
  112. 柯存財、林昭庚、謝明村、蕭世郎、林正介 (1996)。甘麥大棗湯對於內源性憂鬱症動物模式療效之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，5:1 1996.06 [民 85.06]，27-36。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    西方醫學對於憂鬱症尚未能提供一個安全且有效的治療方法，漢朝張仲景在金匱要略中用甘麥大棗湯治療與憂鬱症類似的臟躁症，因此我們利用 1982 年 Vogel 提出的動物憂鬱模式，即幼鼠出生第八天給予皮下注射一種三環抗憂鬱劑 clomipramine 連續兩週，四個月大後會產生一些類似人類内源性憂鬱症的異常行為，實驗組共 40 隻，隨機分為 B（甘麥大棗湯低劑量組，1.0g/kg 每天又服一次，連續二週）、C（甘麥大棗湯高劑量組，2.5g/kg 每天又服一次，連續二週）、D（西藥組，amitriptyline 10 mg/kg 每天腹腔注射一次，連續二週）、E（實驗對照組，0.9%生理食鹽水 1ml/kg 每天腹腔注射一次，連續二週）四組。另以 10 隻幼鼠給予皮下注射 0.9 %生理食鹽水，四個月大後作為 A 組（正常對照組，0.9 % 生理食鹽水 1 ml/kg 每天腹腔注射一次，連續二週）。以高效液相層析儀分析大白鼠腦内正腎上腺素（norepinephrine，NE）、多巴胺（dopamine，DA）、血清促進素（5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT）的含量，同時結合血清神經内分泌物質如三碘甲狀腺素（T3）、甲狀腺素（T4）、甲狀腺刺激素（TSH）、睪固酮（testosterone）、泌乳激素（prolactin）、皮質素醇（cortisol）、血清促進素（5-HT）的測定。結果發現:（1）C 組顯著增加腦内 NE，DA，5-HT 濃度以及血清 TSH，5-HT 濃度（p < 0.05）。（2）C 組血清之 prolactin，cortisol 濃度與 A 組比較無顯著差異，表示有趨向正常的現象。（3）E 組血清之 T4，prolactin，cortisol 濃度偏高，TSH，5-HT 以及腦内 NE，DA，5-HT 濃度偏低與 A 組有顯著的統計學意義，即表示這些檢測項目可作為内源性憂鬱症動物造模成功的病理指標。綜合以上結果，顯示内源性憂鬱症其血清 T4，TSH，prolactin，cortisol，5-HT 以及腦内 NE，DA，5-HT 濃度異常。甘麥大棗湯對内源性憂鬱症大鼠之血清 TSH，prolactin，5-HT 及腦内 NE，DA，5-HT 濃度異常有改善作用。
    Ko, T.T., Lin, J.G., Hsieh, M.T., Shiau, S.L., & Lin, C.C. (1996). Studies on the therapeutic effect of Gan-Mai-Dazao-Tang in experimental endogenous depression model. China Medical College Journal, 5(1), 27-36.
    Abstract
    • According to the animal model of depression proposed by Vogel(1982), neonatal injection of clomipramine could induce abnormal behaviors modeling endogenous depression in human. We used the same animal model to investigate the effect of Gan-Mai-Dazao-Tang (GMDT) on the concentration of serum T3, T4, TSH, testosterone, prolactin, cortisol, 5-HT and monoamines (NE, DA, 5-HT) of brain in rats.
    • Clomipramine (15 mg/kg, bid) was injected to Sprague-Dawley rats when 8 to 21 day-old for the experimental group, while normal saline (Iml/kg, bid) was injected for normal control group (group A, n=10). At 4 months of age, the experimental group was divided randomly into 4 subgroups and with different treatments: low dose of GMDT (1.0 g/kg, qd, group B, n=10), high dose of GMDT (2.5 g/kg, qd, group C, n=10), amitriptyline (10 mg/kg, qd, group D, n=10), and normal saline (1 ml/kg, qd, group E, n=10). We measured the levels of the serum T3, T4, TSH, testosterone, prolactin, cortisol, 5-HT and brain monoamines after the 2 weeks treatment course. Analysis of Variance was used to compare the mean values of parameters for five groups. The results were as following:
      • (1) Group C showed the increase of brain NE, DA, 5-HT, and serum TSH, 5-HT levels. Statistically significant differences were noted.
      • (2) Group C showed a tendency for normalization in prolactin and cortisol levels.
      • (3) Group E had high T4, prolactin, cortisol, olw TSH and low brain NE, DA, 5-HT levels, showing marked differences in comparison with group A.
    • Conclusions:
      • (1) These data support the hypothesis that endogenous depression has abnormal serum T4, TSH, prolactin, corti-sol, 5-HT and brain monoamine levels.
      • (2) GMDT could improve the abnormal levels of serum TSH, prolactin, 5-HT, and brain NE, DA, 5-HT in endoge-nous depression rats.
  113. 陳嘉聖、謝明村、林昭庚、洪啟賦、廖仁、吳啟瑞 (1996)。逍遙散對鼷鼠解熱作用之藥理學研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，5:1 1996.06 [民 85.06]，37-44。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 逍遙散及丹梔逍遙散為中醫臨床常用之方劑，多偏向於腸胃功能、肝炎及婦人月經不調等。然對於原出典宋・《太平惠民和劑局方》及明・薛己《內科摘要》所載之解熱主治功效，則未見有現代基礎研究報告，故進行本研究，以提供臨床運用之參考。逍遙散及丹梔逍遙散兩方劑，對於正常體溫之鼷鼠，均不影響其基礎體溫，但在酵母誘發鼷鼠高溫之實驗中，發現僅丹梔逍遙散具降溫作用。
    • 丹梔逍遙散對 APO 之降溫作用具加強之效果；但 SUL 可拮抗丹梔逍遙散降低酵母誘發鼷鼠高溫之現象。而 5-HTP 可拮抗丹梔逍遙散降低酵母誘發鼷鼠高溫之現象；且對 PCPA 降低酵母誘發鼷鼠高溫作用具加強之效果。另對 muscimol 降低酵母誘發鼷鼠高溫現象並不影響。Bicuculline 為 GABAA receptors 之拮抗劑，並不影響鼷鼠之基礎體溫，亦不影響酵母誘發鼷鼠之高溫。顯示丹梔逍遙散降低酵母誘發小鼠高溫之作用，其作用機轉可能係增加中樞 dopaminergic system 之活性及降低 serotonergic system 之活性有關。
    • 綜合實驗結果顯示，丹梔逍遙散具解熱作用，其解熱之作用機轉，與增加 dopaminergic system 之活性及降低 serotonergic system 之活性有關。
    Chen, C.S., Hsieh, M.T., Lin, J.G., Hung, C.F., Liao, J., & Wu, C.R. (1996). Studies on the antipyretic effect of Shiau-Yau-San in mice. China Medical College Journal, 5(1), 37-44.
    Abstract
    • In Chinese medicine, Shiau-Yau-San (SYS) was commonly used to treat general malaise and fever. SYS was first described in Hao-Ji-Ju-Fang. Until Nei-Kao-Zhai-Yao, two Chinese herbs (Ranunalaceae, Runaceae) in addition to SYS were added, and it was called Dan-Zhi-Shiau-Yau-San (DZ-SYS). DZ-SYS was also used to treat the above symptoms and signs, especially with an antipyretic effect.
    • Both SYS and DZ-SYS can reduce the hyperthermic effect induced by brewer's yeast in mice. DZ-SYS has a better effect than SYS.
    • DZ-SYS has an enhancing effect with apomorphine and PCPA on the antipyretic effect in brewer's yeast-induced hyperthermia; however, sulpiride and 5-HTP can reverse the antipyretic effect of DZ-SYS. DZ-SYS has no interaction with muscimol and bicuculline on the antipyretic effect.
    • To summarize the above results, SYS and DZ-SYS have an antipyretic effect in mice, with DZ-SYS having a stronger effect than SYS. The mechanism of the antipyretic effect likely involves an increase in the activity of the dopaminergic system and inhibition of the serotonergic system.
    (rewritten 2024-11-04)
  114. Hsieh, M.T., & Wu, L.Y. (1996). Inhibitory Effects of (±)-Tetrahydropalmatine on Thyrotropin-stimulating Hormone Concentration in Hyperthyroid Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 48(9), 959–961. [Ref]
    Abstract
    • The effects of (±)-tetrahydropalmatine ((±)-THP) on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid system in rats were investigated.
    • Thyroid function experiments indicated that (±)-THP produces significant decreases in thyroid function in hyperthyroid rats after 14 days of treatment. These effects were the same as those of propylthiouracil. However, propylthiouracil also decreased thyroid function in normal rats. Measurements of thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) demonstrated that (±)-THP decreased TSH in hyperthyroid rats after 14 days of treatment; however, propylthiouracil increased TSH in hyperthyroid rats. (±)-THP had no influence on TSH, or thyroid and pituitary weight in normal and hyperthyroid rats.
    • We conclude that (±)-THP has an antithyroid function and the mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of TSH in the pituitary.
  115. Wu, C.R., Hsieh, M.T., & Liao, J. (1996). p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol attenuates learning deficits in the inhibitory avoidance task: Involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 39(4), 265-273. [Ref NCL] [Ref PubMed]
    Abstract
    p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), an aglycone of gastrodin, is an active ingredient of Gastrodia elata Blume. In this study, we investigated the action of HBA on acquisition of an inhibitory avoidance response in rats and used piracetam as a positive control. The results indicated that scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagonist, injected before training impaired retention. HBA did not attenuate the scopolamine-induced impairment, but piracetam did. p-Chloroamphetamine, a serotonin releaser, injected before training impaired retention. HBA at 5 mg/kg and piracetam at 100 mg/kg could counteract the p-chloroamphetamine-induced deficit. Apomorphine, a dopaminergic receptor agonist, also impaired retention. HBA at 5 mg/kg and piracetam at 300 mg/kg could ameliorate the apomorphine-induced amnesia. The above results indicated that HBA, different from piracetam, can attenuate impairments induced by p-chloroamphetamine and apomorphine, but had no effect on impairment induced by scopolamine in an inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Such findings suggest that HBA may act through suppressing dopaminergic and serotonergic activities and thus improves learning.
  116. 蔡輝彥、謝文聰、謝明村、陳介甫 (1996)。紫背一點癀降血壓作用之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，5:2 1996.12 [民 85.12]，77-84。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    紫背一點癀 Nervilia purpurea（Hayata）Schlether（NP）係蘭科（Orchidaceae）植物。經本研究室發現全草粗抽出物，對正常大鼠具降血壓作用，並以葉水溶部分作用最強。將大鼠之迷走神經及脊體切斷仍具降血壓作用，顯示此作用與中樞神經系統關係較不密切。經離體血管實驗進一步發現其葉水溶部份的成分，對正腎上腺素所致離體免主動脈平滑肌收縮會產生舒張作用，如預先去除血管内皮，則對血管的舒張作用減弱，顯示其對血管的作用需内皮的存在。
    Tsai, H.Y., Hsieh, W.T., Hsien, M.T, & Chen, C.F. (1996). A study on the hypotensive effect of Nervilia purpurea. China Medical College Journal, 5(2), 77-84.
    Abstract
    • Nervilia purpurea (Hayata) Schlether (NP), found in the cool and humid mountain areas in Taiwan, has been used as a folk medicine to treat external injuries (eg. bruises), weakness, pneumonia and hypertension.
    • In this preliminary study, the crude extract of NP demonstrated a hypotensive effect in anesthetic rats. Among various extracts of NP, the aqueous fraction expressed a potent effect. As hypotensive effect was observed in rats which had undergone vagotomy or spinal scission, it suggested that the hypotensive effect was not acted the central nerve system.
    • In addition, we also found that in isolated aorta of rabbit, vasoconstriction induced by nore- pinephrine could be inhibited by components extracted from aqueous fraction of NP leaf, indicating that endothelium cells were responsible for vaso-dilatation.
    (mispelled Hsieh as Hsien)
  117. Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Tsai, H.Y., & Chen, C.F. (1996). The p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol-increased passive avoidance response in rats: interactions with serotonergic and adrenergic receptors. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 48(6), 411-426. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    To assess the role of the serotonergic system in the p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA)-increased passive avoidance response in rats, we examined the effect of HBA on p-chloroamphetamine (PCA)-induced impairment of avoidance by chal- lenging with the selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT) and the 5-HT2 agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) as well as with selective 5-HT1 (pindolol) and 5-HT2 (ritanserin) antagonists. It was observed that pretraining administration of HBA at doses of 1-25 mg/kg significantly counteracted the PCA-induced shortening of the step-through latency in the retention test. Pretraining administration of piracetam at 100 mg/kg also improved the PCA-induced shortening of the step-through latency. The counteracting effect of HBA was observed to be significantly antagonized by the 5-HT1A-selective agonist 8-OH-DPAT, but potentiated by the 5-HT1 antagonist (±)-pindolol. The effect of HBA was also significantly antagonized by the 5-HT2-selective agonist DOI, but potentiated by the selective 5-HT2 antagonist, ritanserin. The counteracting effect of HBA was also potentiated by the α1-blocker prazosin, but not by the α2-blocker yohimbine and the β-blocker propranolol. The present results suggest that the beneficial effect of HBA on the PCA-induced impairment of avoidance may be related to decreased serotonergic activity by 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors, and also to decreased adrenergic activity by α1 receptors.
  118. Lin, Y.T., Chen, Y.F., Tsai, H.Y., Hsieh, M.T., & Chen C.F. (1996). Effects of Veratrine on isolated rat atria. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 48(6), 427-439. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • Recent literature suggests that electro-stimulation of the left atrium of rats can be potentiated by veratrine. In the present study, the effects of veratrine on spontaneous contraction of the isolated right and left atria were investigated.
    • The results showed that veratrine increased spontaneous contractions of the isolated right atrium of rats. At a concentration of 1 × 10-5 g/mL, veratrine caused irregular contractions of the right atrium. At a concentration of 1 × 10-4 g/mL, tetanic contractures were evoked. Verapamil and TTX inhibited the potentiation caused by veratrine. In addition, verapamil, TTX and quinidine inhibited tetanic contractures.
    • Veratrine potentiated contractions of the left atrium isolated from rats with or without electro-stimulation. At a concentration of 1 × 10-4 g/mL, veratrine evoked tetanic contractures of the left atrium. Verapamil, TTX and quinidine all delayed the onset of left atrial contraction and inhibited tetanic contractures. We conclude that the tetanic contractures evoked by veratrine may be mediated by stimulation of Nat channels which in turn raises the level of intracellular Ca2+ ions.
  119. Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., & Chen, C.F. (1997). Gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol facilitate memory consolidation and retrieval, but not acquisition, on the passive avoidance task in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 56(1), 45–54. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Gastrodin (GAS) and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) which is an aglycone of gastrodin, are active ingredients of Gastrodia elata Blume. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of acute administration of GAS and HBA on learning and memory processes such as acquisition, consolidation and retrieval, on the passive avoidance task in rats; piracetam was used as a positive control. Scopolamine, impairing learning acquisition, shortened the step-through latency in the retention test in rats. GAS and HBA did not prolong the step-through latency induced by scopolamine in the passive avoidance task, but piracetam could prolong the step-through latency induced by scopolamine. Cycloheximide, impairing memory consolidation, shortened the step-through latency in the retention test in rats. GAS at 50 mg/kg, HBA at 5 mg/kg and piracetam at 100 mg/kg could prolong the step-through latency induced by cycloheximide in the passive avoidance task. Apomorphine, impairing memory retrieval, shortened the step-through latency in the retention test in rats. GAS at 5 mg/kg, HBA at 1 mg/kg and piracetam at 300 mg/kg could prolong the step-through latency induced by apomorphine in the passive avoidance task. From the above results, we concluded that the facilitating effects of HBA on learning and memory are better than those of GAS. In conclusion, GAS and HBA can improve cycloheximide- and apomorphine-induced amnesia, but not scopolamine-induced acquisition impairment in rats. Thus, GAS and HBA can facilitate memory consolidation and retrieval, but not acquisition. The facilitating effects of GAS and HBA are different from those of piracetam.
  120. 沈建忠、謝貴雄、謝明村、林昭庚 (1997)。柴朴湯對卵蛋白過敏原誘發天竺鼠氣喘之影響。中國醫藥學院雜誌，6:1 1997.06 [民 86.06]，13-25。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究之目的在了解柴朴湯對致敏天竺鼠以 1%或 2%卵蛋白過敏原誘發之呼吸道阻塞、發炎現象及過度反應性之作用如何。
    • 天竺鼠用 1%卵蛋白過敏原連續致敏七天，每天一次，每次致敏十五分鐘，之後分成服用柴朴湯組 700 mg/kg（實驗組）和生理食鹽水組（對照組）兩組，連續餵食七天，於第 14 天，所有的天竺鼠接受 1%或 2%卵蛋白過敏原激發 1 分鐘。呼吸道阻力於卵蛋白過敏原激發前、激發完及激發後不同時間，利用身體體積量法測量。呼吸道對乙醯膽鹼之反應性於卵蛋白過敏原激發前 24 小時、激發後 6 小時及 24 小時測量，支氣管肺泡沖洗液細胞分析及病理組織切片於卵蛋白過敏原激發後 6 小時及 24 小時測量。控制組包括（I）正常組（未致敏、未激發）;（2）未致敏，以 1%卵蛋白過敏原激發及（3）已致敏，以 0.9%生理食鹽水激發。結果如下:
      • 一、以 1%卵蛋白過敏原激發天竺鼠之急性呼吸道阻塞，柴朴湯有明顯的抑制作用，但對以 2%卵蛋白過敏原激發則無效。
      • 二、柴朴湯對於 2%卵蛋白過敏原激發後引起的遲發型氣喘無治療作用。
      • 三、以 1%或 2%卵蛋白過敏原激發後之天竺鼠於 6 小時可顯著增強其呼吸道過度反應性。柴朴湯可以阻止以 1%卵蛋白過敏原激發後 6 小時之呼吸道過度反應性，但對以 2%卵蛋白過敏原激發則無效。
      • 四、以 1%或 2%卵蛋白過敏原激發後之天竺鼠於 6 小時及 24 小時，支氣管肺泡沖洗液中嗜酸性白血球數目、嗜中性白血球數目及呼吸道組織中嗜酸性白血球之浸潤數目都有明顯增加;柴朴湯可滅少以 1%卵蛋白過敏原激發後支氣管肺泡沖洗液中嗜酸性白血球數目、嗜中性白血球數目及呼吸道組織中嗜酸性白血球之浸潤數目，但對以 2%卵蛋白過敏原激發則無效。
    • 結論，柴朴湯可抑制氣喘天竺鼠在 1%卵蛋白過敏原激發引起之急性呼吸道阻塞，減少支氣管肺泡沖洗液中嗜酸性白血球數目的增加和呼吸道組織中嗜酸性白血球浸潤數目的增加，也可抑制呼吸道之過度反應性;當卵蛋白過敏原激發濃度增加為 2%時，柴朴湯對於急性呼吸道阻塞、支氣管肺泡沖洗液中嗜酸性白血球數目的增加、呼吸道組織中嗜酸性白血球浸潤數目的增加和呼吸道之過度反應性無治療作用。
    Shen, J.J., Hsieh, K.H., Hsieh, M.T., & Lin, J.G. (1997). Effect of Saiboku-to on ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized guinea pigs. China Medical College Journal, 6(1), 13-26.
    Abstract
    • The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Saiboku-To on antigen-induced airway obstruction inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in actively sensitized guinea pigs. Sensitization was performed by inhalation of 1% ovalbumin aerosol generated by Wright's nebulizer for 15 minutes daily for seven consecutive days for all guinea pigs. Then the animals were fed either Saiboku-To 700mg/kg (study group) or 0.9% normal saline (control group) during the following seven days (day 8 through 14) . On day 14, bronchial challenge with 1% or 2% ovalbumin was performed. Airway resistence at baseline, immediately after challenge and at selected intervals afterwards (5min, 15min, 30min, 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h and 24h) was calculated by body plethysmography. Airway responsiveness to acetycholine was assessed at 24 hours before antigen challenge, 6 and 24 hours after antigen challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung histopathology were studied at 6 and 24 hours after antigen challenge.
    • The results showed: (1) The early asthmatic response induced by 1% OVA, but not 2% OVA, could be suppressed by Saiboku-To. (2) The late asthmatic response induced by 2% OVA could not be suppressed by Saiboku-To. (3) Airway hyperreposiveness to acetylcholine could be demonstrated in control group at 6 hour after challenged by 1% or 2% OVA. For study group, the Saiboku-To could suppress the hyperresponsiveness at 6 hour induced by 1% , but not 2% OVA. (4) The eosinophil and neutophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 6 and 24 hours was significantly decreased in the study group challenged by 1% OVA as compared to control group and study group challenged by 2% OVA. (5) The eosinophil infiltration in respiratory tissue at 6 and 24 hours was significantly decreased in the study group challenged by 1% OVA as compared to control group and study group challenged by 2% OVA.
    • In conclusion, Saiboku-To could suppress the early asthmatic response, eosinophilia on BALF and eosinophil infiltration in respiratory tissue induced by lower antigen load (1% OVA).
  121. Hung, C.F., Chiou, T.L., & Hsieh, M.T. (1997). Biogenic Monoamines Change in Ischemic Rat Cerebral Cortex.中國醫藥學院雜誌,6-1 卷,27-31. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to 15 minutes of temporal unilateral common carotid artery occlusion and up to 6 hours of re-circulation was employed. The cortical concentration of noradrenalin (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites, vainyllmandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection. After 6 hours of recirculation, diminution of NA, DA and 5-HT, accumulation of VMA, HVA and 5-HIAA were noted in ischemic cortex. These findings strongly suggested that a postischemia increases release and turnover of NA, DA and 5-HT, which may explain delayed postischemic hypoperfusion which was caused by postischemic vasoconstrictions.
    洪啓賦、邱琮郎、謝明村 (1997)。腦缺血對大鼠大腦皮質 Biogenic Monoamines 濃度改變之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，6:1 1997.06 [民 86.06]，27-31。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 雄性大白鼠左側頸動脈以血管夾夾住 15 分鐘後釋放，於再循環六小時後斷頸取出其大腦，以 High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection 測量左、右大腦皮質 Noradrenalin（NA）、Dopamine（DA）、Serotonin（5-HT），及其代謝物 Vainyllmandelic acid（VMA）、Homovanillic acid（HVA）、5-Hydroindoleacetic acid（5-HIAA）的濃度。對照組僅做頸切開，暴露左頸總動脈，其它與實驗組相同。結果左側缺血大腦皮質 NA、DA、5-HT 的濃度較對照組減少，而其代謝物 VMA、HVA、5-HIAA 的濃度較對照組增加。
    • 由此實驗結果，可認為腦缺血缺氧後 Biogenic Monoamines 釋放及轉變的增加是造成腦缺血後血管收縮的原因
  122. Peng, W.H., Hsieh, M.T., & Wu, C.R. (1997). Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 74(3), 261–266. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The effect of berberine (BER)on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesia was investigated in a step-through passive avoidance task in rats. It was observed that BER at the doses of 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg after 7-day or 14-day administration significantly improved SCOP-induced amnesia. The anti-amnesic effect of BER after 14-day administration on the SCOP-induced amnesia was significantly augmented by physostigmine or neostigmine, and completely reversed by scopolamine N-methylbromide. These results suggest that the antiamnesic effect of BER after 14-day administration may be related to the increase in the peripheral and central cholinergic neuronal system activity.
  123. Hsieh, M.T., Lu, S.P., Peng, W.H., Chang, K.H., & Pan, I.H. (1997). Biphasic effects of Pu-Chung-I-Chi-Tang on sedation and excitation. The American journal of Chinese Medicine, 25(03n04), 343–350. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The biphasic effects of Pu-Chung-I-Chi-Tang (PCT) on sedation and excitation in acute treatment or after one-week consecutive treatment were studied. The results indicated that PCT produces sedation in acute treatment and excitation after one-week consecutive treatment. The sedative mechanism of PCT in acute treatment might be due to an increase in serotonergic activity and a decrease in dopaminergic activity. However, the excitatory mechanism of PCT after one-week consecutive treatment might involve the increase in dopaminergic activity and the decrease in serotonergic activity.
  124. Lee, V.J., Ho, L.K., Hsieh, M.T., & Chang, Y.S. (1997). Studies on the Constituents of the Roots of Celastrus Punctatus. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 8(2), 95-101. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Celastrus punctatus Thunb is a folk medicine in treatment of rheumatism in Taiwan. In the present study nine compounds have been isolated from the roots of Celastrus punctatus, namely β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, maytenfolic acid, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside, 3-hydroxyolean-12-en-22, 29-γ-lactone, oleanolic acid, celastrol, kaempferol-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside, anddulcitol. The structures of these compounds were identified either by MS and NMR determination with authentic samples or by comparison with the published data.
    李威著、何禮剛、謝明村、張永勳 (1997)。光果南蛇藤（Celastrus punctatus Thunb）之成分分離。中醫藥雜誌，8:2 1997.06 [民 86.06]，95-101。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 光果南蛇藤是台灣著名民間藥，「大鐵牛入石」的來源植物之一，民問一般襲用其治療風濕關節腫痛、腰痛、經閉等。在初步的藥理試驗中發現，光果南蛇藤之甲醇抽出物對於福馬林所誘導之小鼠後蹠疼痛具有良好之抑制作用，此外亦有對抗腫瘤及抗凝血作用。南蛇藤屬植物於以往的文獻中已有十三種植物提出成分分析報告，此外亦顯示此屬植物具有良好的抗菌及抗病毒作用，而光果南蛇藤至今仍未有成分分離之文獻報告，故而本實驗就此植物進行成分之分析。
    • 光果南蛇藤根部經由抽取、分離、純化等工作後，發現了九種化學成分，分别為 β-amyrin、β-sitosterol、maytenfolic acid、β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside、3-hydroxyolean-12-en-22, 29-γ-lactone、oleanolic acid、celastrol、kaempferol-3,7-O-α-L-dirhamnoside 及 dulcitol，這些化合物之結構式係經光譜分析或樣品比對或文獻資料而加以確認，且成分之藥理效用已進一步評估。
  125. 謝明村、劉淑鈴、王廷輔、哈鴻潛、張成國 (1997)。治療肝炎中藥方劑之藥理學研究。中醫藥雜誌，8:2 1997.06 [民 86.06]，111-126。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究係探討中國醫藥學院附設醫院肝炎特别門診用於治療肝炎之中藥方劑﹕H1（枳實梔豉湯）﹑H2（丹梔逍遙散）﹑H3（甘露飲加味）﹑H4（蠶桑合劑）及 H5（清﹒葉天士方）等五種方劑急性毒性試驗。結果小白鼠經又給予 H1~H5各方劑 10 g/kg 在一週內無死亡﹐顯示該等方劑又服殆無毒性。又 H2酒精抽取物經由腹腔注射對於小白鼠之 LD50 為 3.85 g/kg﹔其水抽取物經由腹腔注射對於小白鼠之 LD50 為 5.80 g/kg﹔顯示水抽取物之毒性低於酒精抽取物。
    • 本研究又探討 H1~H5等五種方劑對於實驗性高血脂大白鼠之影響。以血清中膽固醇﹑三甘油脂﹑高密度脂蛋白﹑SGOT 及 SGPT 等濃度之變化為作用之指標﹐俾進一步瞭解其對於肝功能之影響。實驗結果僅 H3或 H5能降低高血脂大白鼠血清中膽固醇﹐提升高密度脂蛋白及降低 SGOT 濃度。由以上結果顯示﹕H3或 H5可能阻斷膽固醇及三甘油脂帶回肝臟代謝排泄﹐使罹患冠狀動脈硬化之機會減少﹐及使肝功能趨於正常。
    • 本研究再探討丹梔逍遙散對於實驗性肝炎大白鼠進行藥理學實驗﹐獲致結果﹕丹梔逍遙散酒精或水抽取物對於四氣化碳誘發大白鼠之急性肝炎所引起血清 GOT﹑GPT﹑鹼性磷酸酶﹑總膽紅素等之升高現象﹐具有顯著降低作用。丹梔逍遙散酒精或水抽取物對於四氣化碳誘發大白鼠之亞急性肝炎所引起血清 GOT 之升高現象﹐具有降低作用。丹梔逍遙散酒精或水抽取物對於實驗性肝炎之改善作用﹐以水抽取物較酒精抽取物效果顯著。丹梔逍遙散酒精或水抽取物對於實驗性肝炎之改善作用﹐以誘發肝炎之前就給予丹梔逍遙散者較誘發肝炎之後再給予丹梔逍遙散者效果顯著。
    Hsieh, M.T., Liu, S.L., Wang, T.F., Ha, H.C., & Chang, C.G. Pharmacological studies on the effects of traditional Chinese prescriptions for hepatitis in rats. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 8(2), 111-126.
    Abstract
    • H1 (Chih-Shih-Zhi-Szu-Tang), H2 (Dan-Zhi-Shiau-Yau-San), H3 (Kan-Lu Yin Chia-Wei), H4 (mixed Tsan-Sun prescription), and H5 (Yeh-Tien-Shih prescription) are five traditional Chinese prescriptions usually used to cure hepatitis patients in the China Medical College Hospital. In the present study, we investigated the acute toxicity and the effects of the five Chinese prescriptions in hyperlipidemia and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute or subacute hepatic damage in rats. Firstly, the five Chinese prescriptions orally at 10 g/kg did not induce death in mice.
    • Secondly, only H3 and H5 among the five Chinese prescriptions decreased the plasma cholesterol and SGOT levels, and increased the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in the hyperlipidemic rats. Therefore, H3 and H5 might reduce the occurrence frequency of atherosclerosis via the blockade of cholesterol and triglyceride absorption in the enterointestinal tract and metabolism in the liver.
    • Finally, T.S.Alc and T.S.H2O could decrease the plasma GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels increased by CCl4 in rats. Therefore, H2 improved the CCl4-induced acute or subacute liver damage in rats, and the effects of T.S.H2O were greater than those of T.S.Alc. Additionally, the improving effects of T.S.Alc and T.S.H2O administered before CCl4-induced acute or subacute liver damage are greater than those of T.S.Alc and T.S.H2O administered after CCl4-induced acute or subacute liver damage.
  126. 謝明村、吳啟瑞、劉淑鈴、闕甫伃、洪啟賦 (1997)。天王補心丹對大白鼠被動迴避學習反應之影響。中國醫藥學院雜誌，6:2 1997.09 [民 86.09]，97-107。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 天王補心丹主治「思慮過度，心血不足，怔忡健忘，心又多汗，大便或秘或溏，又舌生瘡等證」，方中以生地、玄參、麥冬及天冬滋陰制火為君，人參及當歸補益氣血為臣，棗仁、柏子仁、丹參、茯苓、遠志、五味子養血斂心、鎭心安神為佐，桔梗載藥入心為使。因此，本研究將天王補心丹分為君、臣、佐、使及全方等五組，以被動迴避反應及自發運動量來探討天王補心丹對 scopolamine 及 cycloheximide 所誘發學習記憶障礙之作用及方劑組成與主治間之關連性。
    • 一次給藥，對 scopolamine 誘發學習獲得障礙及 cycloheximide 誘發記憶鞏固障礙，僅全方組具改善作用﹔至於對大白鼠自發運動量，全方組具降低大白鼠自發運動量之作用，但對電痛闆值則各組均不影響。一週連續給藥，對 scopolamine 誘發畢習獲得障礙及 cycloheximide 誘發記憶鞏固障礙均具改善作用，其中以全方組較為明顯﹔其次在自發運動量，全方組具增加大白鼠自發運動量之作用，但對電痛闆值則不影響。最後，全方組改善 cycloheximide 誘發記憶鞏固障礙之作用，可被 scopolamine 及 8-OH-DPAT 所拮抗，為 ritanserin 所增強。
    • 綜合研究結果，顯示天王補心丹全方組，一次給藥具改善學習記憶作用，而其作用部份因鎭靜之作用所致﹔一週連續給藥對學習獲得及記憶鞏固障礙均有明顯之改善作用，而其作用機轉可能與增強中樞 cholinergic system 之活性及 protein synthesis、降低 serotonergic system 之活性有關。
    Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Liu, S.L., Chueh, F.Y., & Hung, C.F. (1997). Effects of Tien-Wang-Pu-Hsin-Dang on the Passive Avoidance Task in Rats. China Medical College Journal, 6(2), 1-6.
    Abstract
    • In this study, we divided the Tien-Wang-Pu-Hsin-Dang (abbr. as TWP) into five groups: (1) Chun was consisted of Rehmanniae Radix, Schrophulariae Radix, Ophiopogonis Tuber and Asparagi Radix. (II) Chen was consisted of Ginseng Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix. (III) Tso was consisted of Zizyphi Semen, Thujae Orientalis Semen, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Hoelen, Polygalae Radix and Schizandrae Fructus. (IV) Shih was consisted of Platycodi Radix. (V) TWP was consisted of the above four groups. We attempted to investigate the effect of five groups on scopolamine-induced and cycloheximide-induced impairment of passive avoidance response and locomotor activity in rats.
    • After acute treatment, only VH2O and VEtOH could improve the scopolamine-induced and cycloheximide-induced deficit, and the former was better than the latter. After one-week consecutive treatment, five groups could improve the scopolamine-induced and cycloheximide-induced deficit, and VH2O was better than the others. Whereas, VH2O decreased the locomotor activity after acute treatment and increased the locomotor activity after one-week consecutive treatment in rats. But five groups did not change the threshold of vocalization with electric foot-shock in rats. Furthermore, the memory improvement of VH2O on the cycloheximide-induced deficit was antagonized by scopolamine and 8-OH-DPAT, and was potentiated by ritanserin.
    • These results are shown that TWP produce memory improvement in acute treatment, partially due to possess sedative effect. The learning and memory improvement effect of TWP after one-week consecutive treatment may be due to the increase in cholinergic activity and protein synthesis, and the decrease in serotonergic activity.
  127. 謝明村 (1997)。天王補心丹對大白鼠單向被動迴避學習反應之影響。中醫藥年報，15:2 1997.05 [民 86.05]，450-475。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 天王補心丹主治「思慮過度，全血不足，怔忡健忘，心又多汗，大便或秘或溏，又舌生瘡等證」，方由人參、元參、丹參、茯苓、酸棗仁、遠志、柏子仁、天門冬、麥門冬、生地黃、桔梗、當歸及五味子等十三味藥所組成﹔方中以生地、玄參、麥冬及天冬滋陰制火爲君﹔人參及當歸補益氣血爲臣﹔棗仁、柏子仁、丹參、茯苓、遠志、五味子養血斂心、鎭心安神為佐﹔桔梗載藥入心為使。心者，君子之官也，神明出焉，思慮過度，耗其心血，則神明傷而成心勞，故怔忡健忘。因此本研究將天王補心湯分爲君藥組（生地、玄參、麥冬及天冬）、臣藥組（人參及當歸）、佐藥組（棗仁、柏子仁、丹參、茯苓、遠志、五味子）、使藥組（桔梗）及全方組等五組，擬以單向被動迴避反應（one-trial passive avoidance）及自發運動量來探討天王補心丹對 scopolamine 及 cycloheximide 所誘發之學習記憶障礙之作用及天王補心丹方劑組成與主治間之關連性。
    • 一次給藥之天王補心丹各組，對 scopolamine 誘發之學習獲得障礙及 cycloheximide 誘發之記憶鞏固障礙，僅天王補心丹全方組之水粗抽組及 95％酒精粗抽組具改善作用，且以水粗抽組較佳﹔至於對大鼠自發運動量，天王補心丹全方組之水粗抽組及 95％ 酒精粗抽組具降低大鼠自發運動量之作用，但對電痛閱值則各組均不影響。一週連續給藥之天王補心丹各組在大劑量時，對 scopolamine 誘發之學習獲得障礙及 cycloheximide 誘發之記憶鞏固障礙均具改善作用，其中以天王補心丹全方組之水粗抽組較爲明顯﹔其次在自發運動量的試驗，水粗抽組具增加大鼠自發運動量之作用，但對電痛閾值則不影響。最後，全方組之水粗抽組改善 cycloheximide 誘發記憶鞏固障礙之作用，可被 scopolamine 及 8-OH-DPAT 所拮抗，為 ritanserin 所增強。
    • 綜合研究結果，顯示天王補心丹全方組之水粗抽組及 95％酒精粗抽組，在一次給藥後，具改善學習記憶作用，且以水粗抽者較佳，而其改善學習記憶部份因鎭靜之作用所致﹔一週連續給藥後，各組在大劑量下對於學習獲得及記憶鞏固障礙均有明顯之改善作用。而其改善學習記憶障礙之作用機轉可能與增強中樞 cholinergic system 之活性及 protein synthesis、降低 serotonergic system 之活性有關。
    Hsieh, M.T. (1997). Effects of Tien-Wang-Pu-Hsin-Dang on the One-trial Inhibitory Step-through Passive Avoidance in Rats. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 15(2), 450-475.
    Abstract
    • In this study, we divided the Tien-Wang-Pu-Hsin-Dang (abbr. as TWP) into five groups: (1) Chun was consisted of Rehmanniae Radix, Schrophulariae Radix, Ophiopogonis Tuber and Asparagi Radix. (2) Chen was consisted of Ginseng Radix and Angelicae Sinensis Radix. (3) Iso was consisted of Zizyphi Semen, Thujae Orientalis Semen, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix, Hoelen, Polygalae Radix and Schizandrae Fructus. (4) Shih was consisted of Platycodi Radix. (5) TWP was consisted of the above four groups. We attempted to investigate the effect of five groups on scopolamine-induced and cycloheximide-induced amnesia in passive avoidance task and locomotor activity in rats.
    • After acute treatment, only the TWP extracted with water or 95% ethanol could improve the scopolamine-induced acquisition impairment and cycloheximide-induced consolidation deficit, and the former was better than the latter. After one-week consecutive treatment, five groups could improve the scopolamine-induced acquisition impairment and cycloheximide-induced consolidation deficit, and TWP extracted with water was better than the others. Whereas, TWP extracted with water decreased the locomotor activity after acute treatment and increased the locomotor activity after one-week consecutive treatment in rats. But five groups did not change the threshold of vocalization with electric foot-shock in rats. Furthermore, the memory improvement of TWP on the cycloheximide-induced storage impairment was antagonized by scopolamine and 8-OHDPAT, and was potentiated by ritanserin.
    • These results are shown that TWP produce memory improvement in acute treatment, partially due to possess sedative effect. The learning and memory improvement effect of TWP after one-week consecutive treatment may be due to the increase in cholinergic activity and protein synthesis, and the decrease in serotonergic activity.
  128. 謝文全、謝明村、張永勳、邱年永、楊來發 (1997)。花蓮縣藥用植物資源之調查報告。中醫藥年報，15:2 1997.05 [民 86.05]，734-755。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    花蓮縣為台灣省最大的縣，東臨太平洋，西屏中央山脈，山谷交錯，地形複雜，開發較晚，受到人爲及自然保護，區內植物種類繁多，包括寒溫暖熱、沿海等氣候帶植物群落，其中稀有或特殊珍貴藥材及具經濟價值者，宜詳加調查採集以利資源開發。茲爲瞭解花蓮縣各山岳，鄉鎮市藥用植物分布及目前本縣野生及栽培品種，同時進行民間藥及健康保健食品之拓展，對於民間藥或正統道地藥材誤用、混用情形，應予以釐清並糾正之，俾便使用良藥，以確保國民健康。優良品種俾便研究大量繁殖供應市場之需，或降低市價，因而提出本調查研究計劃。茲統計歸納各項研究成果如下：
    • 花蓮縣位於台灣本島東部，輪廓似臥蠶，東臨太平洋，西有中央山脈，沿海復有海岸山脈縱走，而南連台東縣，西南鄰高雄縣及南投縣，西北鄰台中縣及宜蘭縣；全部面積 4628.5713 平方公里，平原、河川各佔百分之七及六，餘皆山岳達百分之八十七。形成西高東低之層疊地形之勢，地形分別為山岳、台地、段丘、平原、河川、海岸，配合本縣之氣候、土壤等因素，使其間植物林相之分佈豐富，致使海濱、平原性、丘陵性及高山藥用植物資源十分充沛。
    • 花蓮縣產藥用植物，經調查、採集計有木耳等 961 種，分別隸屬於 6 門、184 科、645 屬，依照 Engler & Prantl System 自然分類法排列，簡述每種植物之中名、學名、本草出典、別名、藥用部位、性味、毒性、功用及用量，以明示該植物之來源及效能。
    • 花蓮縣產藥用植物收載於歷代諸家本草者，經考察統計有中國藥材木耳等 305 項，分別隸屬於 387 種藥用植物。
    • 花蓮縣產藥用植物垂直分布，經調查統計：甲・自生種：一、海拔 1500m 以上計松蘿等 78 種。二、海拔 500~1500m 之間土馬棕 219 種。三、海拔 500m 以下計靈芝等 407 種；乙・栽培種：一、山地計巢蕨等 10 種。二、平地計木耳等 142 種，由植物分布情形，可瞭解其生長環境和習性。
    • 花蓮縣產有毒藥用植物，經調查較明顯毒性者計鳳尾蕉等 50 種，瞭解有毒植物的毒性，可預防中毒事件的發生。
    • 花蓮縣民間驗方及用藥經調查蒐集，感謝王可德先生等人提供之民間驗方及用藥，較有效者收錄於本論文者計 14 則，以資參考。
    • 花蓮縣植物藥材名稱、價格及銷售量經調查整理，計鐵牛入石等 109 種，以資參考。
    • 花蓮縣海邊藥用植物，經調查較常用者計林投等 12 種。
    • 花蓮縣稀有藥用植物經調查有赤箭等 9 種，宜保護或組織培養大量繁殖，以利育種。
    • 花蓮縣藥用植物中，其臨床應用療效優越者、值得開發者，經調查整理計石上柏等 7 種。就其基原、別名、分布、產地、形態、採集加工、效用等予以敘述。
    Hsieh, W.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chang, Y.S., Chiu, N.Y., & Yang, L.F. (1997). Investigation and study on the medicinal plants in Hualien Country. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 15(2), 734-755.
    Abstract

    Hualien County is the largest county in Taiwan. With the Pacific Ocean to its east and Central Mountain Zones to its west, mixed with mountains and valleys, the topography is complex. The area was not well developed. Due to the natural resources protection policies, the area is full of plant species, including flora from tropical to the frigid zones. The rare and precious species and those with economic potentials deserve further investigation. The major findings of our investigation are listed below:

    • Hualien County is located in the eastern part of Taiwan. The total area is 4628.5713 km2. Plain and river occupy seven and six percent of the land separately. The rest, 87%, are all mountainous areas. The geological zones include mountains, hills, slope lands, plains, rivers, and seashores. The area is full of natural resources.
    • According to the plant taxonomy of Engler & Prantl System, there are 961 species of medicinal plants belonging to 6 phylums, 184 families, and 636 genera growing in Hualien County. Each medicinal plant was briefly described with Chinese names, scientific names, origin of Pents'ao, distribution, vernacular name, medicinal part used, properties and taste, toxicity, function, medicinal application, and dosage.
    • Among the medicinal plants surveyed in Hualien County, there are 305 crude drugs originating from 387 plant species recorded in ancient Pents'ao.
    • Distribution of the medicinal plants of Hualien County are listed at full length according to altitude range. For indigenous species, 78 species were found above 1500m altitude, 219 species were found in the 500m - 1500m range, and 407 species below 500m altitude. For cultivated species, 10 species in mountainous areas and 142 species in plain areas.
    • Fifty poisonous medicinal plants were found in Hualien County. Awareness of the potential toxicity of those poisonous plants will avoid accidents by misusing them.
    • Special folk medicinal formulas were also collected during our investigation. Fourteen more effective formulas were reported.
    • One hundred and nine crude drugs were found in herbal stores. The name, price, and quantities sold were listed.
    • There are twelve seashore medicinal plants found in Hualien County.
    • In Hualien County, nine species were categorized as rare plant species which deserved protection or propagation with tissue culture technique.
    • We found seven species with clinical efficacy and potential for development. Each of them was described with description, origin, property and taste, chemical components, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications.
  129. 江睿玲、謝明村、周泰廷、郭槐秋、張永勳 (1997)。五味子中 Schizandrin 及 Gomisin A 定量及抗肝損傷之研究。中醫藥雜誌，8:3 1997.09 [民 86.09]，155-164。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 五味子為中醫常用藥材，其成分與藥理作用均被廣泛研究。本研究以水、50%酒精及 95%酒精三種不同溶媒分别抽取五味子並以高效液相層析分析，比較得知以 95%酒精抽取五味子其中 schizandrin 及 gomisin A 含量最高，50%酒精抽取液次之，以水抽取者含量最低。由抗肝損傷藥理試驗顯示 95%酒精抽取物亦具有較高的生物活性，水抽出物活性低，可提供五味子萃取及入藥時的參考。
    • 此外，急性毒性試驗結果亦發現五味子水、50%酒精及 95%酒精三種抽取物對鼷鼠之半數致死劑量（LD50）分别為 1.60 g/kg,1.75 g/kg 及 1.00 g/kg，可見五味子具有一定的毒性，使用時應注意其劑量之控制。
    Jiang, R.L., Hsieh, M.T., Chou, T.T., Kuo, H.C., & Chang, Y.S. (1997). Quantitative analysis of schizandrin and gomisin a and liver protective activity of schisandrae frutctus. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 8(3), 155-164.
    Abstract
    • Schisandrae Fructus, the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill is a traditional Chinese medicine. Its constituents and pharmacological activities had been extensively studied. Schisandrae Fructus was extracted by water, 50% alcohol and 95% alcohol respectively and were quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The content of schizandrin and gomisin A in 95% alcohol extracts was highest followed by 50% alcohol extract and water extract. The 95% alcohol ex- tracts also showed higher liver protective activity.
    • The acute toxicity LD50 was 1.0~1.6 g/kg (oral; 95% confidence 0.67~2.43 g/kg) of Schisandrae Fructus extract.
  130. 張永勳、何玉鈴、蔡輝彥、謝明村、陳忠川 (1997)。臺灣市售牛膝類藥材之藥理學研究。中醫藥雜誌，8:3 1997.09 [民 86.09]，165-176。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 牛膝藥材的基原頗為複雜，商品名稱及來源亦很混亂，臺灣市售之牛膝藥材以牛膝（Achyranthes bidentata Blume，市售稱懷牛膝）、川牛膝（Cyathula officinalis Kuan，市售稱杜牛膝）、味牛膝（Strobilanthes forrestii Diels，市售誤稱川牛膝）三種為主。
    • 本研究根據牛膝之臨床應用，在治療腰膝酸痛方面做了鎭痛試驗；消癰腫方面做了抗炎試驗；在活血化瘀、引血下行方面做了對大白鼠正常血壓作用的影響及抗血小板凝集試驗，來評估並比較市售三種牛膝類藥材之藥理活性。
    • 藥理結果顯示在鎮痛及抗炎方面，三種牛膝皆有鎮痛及抗炎作用，其中以牛膝效價最佳，其次為川牛膝，味牛膝效價最差；對大白鼠正常血壓作用的影響，僅有牛膝具有降血壓作用；在抗血小板凝集方面則以川牛膝效果最好，此與中醫臨床用川牛膝長於活血化瘀之理論一致。
    • 因此從基原與藥理活性評估，臺灣充當川牛膝使用之味牛膝之其藥理活性最差，不應充當牛膝使用。
    Chang, Y.S., Ho, Y.L., Tsai, H.Y., Hsieh, M.T., & Chen, C.C. (1997). Pharmacological studies on Niuxi species in Taiwan. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 8(3), 165-176.
    Abstract
    • Niuxi has been used as an important drug in Chinese medicine since ancient times. However, theorigins and commercial species of Niuxi are complicated and often misused in Taiwan. Three majorspecies are Achyranthes bidentata Blume (NX-1), Cyathula officinalis Kuan (NX-2) and Strobilanthes forrestii Diels (NX-3).
    • According to the Chinese ancient literature of successive generations, Niuxi can quicken the blood and transform stasis, free the channels and hasten birth, disinhibit the joints, strengthen the sinew and bones, supplement the liver and kidney, conduct blood downward, disinhibit water and free strangury. These indications imply that Niuxi may possess hypotensive, antiplatelet aggregation, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. The origin of Niuxi is Achyranthes bidentata (Amaranthaceae). However, people mistake the root of Strobilanthes forrestii (Acanthaceae) for the root of Cyathula officinalis (Amaranthaceae) in Taiwan. Therefore, we compared the above mentioned pharmacological effects of the methanol extracts of the three commercially available Niuxi species.
    • The results showed that all three species exhibited analgesic and antiinflammatory effects. NX-1showed strongest effect followed by NX-2 and NX-3 showed least effect. Only NX-1 showed hypotensive effect, whilst NX-2 and NX-3 did not. NX-2 inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by arachi- donic acid and collagen.
    • Our results showed that NX-3 exhibited least biological activity among the three, and should not be used to substitute either Achyranthis Radix or Cyathulae Radix.
  131. 謝明村、林穎志、彭文煌、蔡輝彥、張光雄、陳介甫 (1997)。芍藥不同炮炙品及芍藥甘草湯鎮痛、鎮靜、解熱作用與活性成分含量變化之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，6:3 1997.12 [民 86.12]，151-162。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究以藥理學方法（pentobarbital） 誘發睡眠、醋酸扭體法、福馬林試驗、中樞神經興奮劑引起之痙攣試驗、LPS 誘發高溫）探討芍藥不同炮炙品（生品、醋炙、酒炙、麩炒炙）及其與炙甘草組成之芍藥甘草湯之鎮靜、鎮痛、抗痙攣、解熱及降溫等藥理作用之差異性，並以高效液相層析法（HPLC）測定芍藥不同炮炙品及其與炙甘草組成之芍藥甘草湯中所含主成分（芍藥苷、丹皮酚）之含量變化，藉以瞭解芍藥炮炙品對於芍藥甘草湯之藥理作用與主成分含量變化之關係。
    • 實驗結果顯示，芍藥各炮炙品及其與炙甘草組成之芍藥甘草湯均可延長 pentobarbital 誘發之睡眠時間，生品、醋炙品及酒炙品芍藥及芍藥各炮炙品與炙甘草組成之芍藥甘草湯對醋酸扭體次數有明顯抑制作用；醋炙品及酒炙品芍藥及生品、醋炙品及酒炙品芍藥甘草湯對福馬林試驗之前期舔足時間有抑制作用，醋炙品及酒炙品芍藥及各炮炙品芍藥甘草湯對福馬林試驗之後期舔足時間有抑制作用。芍藥不同炮炙品及生品、醋炙品及酒炙品芍藥甘草湯對正常大鼠體溫有降溫效果，醋炙、酒炙及麩炒炙品芍藥和醋炙及酒炙芍藥甘草湯對 LPS 誘發之高溫有明顯抑制作用；醋炙品及酒炙品芍藥及醋炙品及酒炙品芍藥甘草湯對 strychnine 誘發陣發性痙攣時間有明顯延長作用。
    • 高效液相層析法分析芍藥不同炮炙品及其與炙甘草組成之芍藥甘草湯中芍藥苷、丹皮酚或甘草酸之含量變化，結果顯示以醋炙與酒炙品含量最高，依次是生芍藥與麩炒炙芍藥，且複方之主要成分含量皆比單味為高。
    • 綜合以上結果，顯示芍藥各炮炙品及其與炙甘草組成之芍藥甘草湯中，以醋炙及酒炙品之鎮靜、鎮痛、抗痙攣、降溫及解熱效果最好，主成分含量最高，臨床使用上應以醋炙及酒炙為佳。
    Hsieh, M.T., Lin, Y.C., Peng, W.H., Tsai, H.Y., Chang, K.H., & Chen, C.F. (1997). A Study in the Analgesic, Sedative and Antipyretic Effects of Various Preparations of Paeoniae Alba Radix and Shao-Yao-Kan-Tsao-Tang. Chinese Medical College Journal, 6(3), 151-162.
    Abstract
    • In the present study, we investigated the sedative, analgesic, antipyretic and hypothermic effects of various preparations of Paeoniae Alba Radix (PAR, PARa, PARb and PARc) and Shao-Yao-Kan-Tsao-Tang (SKT, SKTa, SKTb and SKTc) on hypnosis induced by pentobarbital, writhing response induced by acetic acid, formalin test, and fever induced by LPS. We also detected contents among major active constituents (paeoniflorin, paeonol) of various Paeoniae alba radix and Shao-Yao-Kan-Tsao-Tang.
    • The result indicated that various preparations of Paeoniae Alba Radix and Shao-Yao-Kan-Tsao-Tang prolonged the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital.PAR, PARa, PARb and various preparations of Shao-Yao-Kan-Tsao-Tang inhibited the writhing response induced by acetic acid. PARa, PARb and various preparations of SKT shortened the feet-licking time of mice in the late phase of the formalin test. Various preparations of Paeoniae Alba Radix. SKT, SKTa and SKTb exerted a hypothermic effect in normal rats.
    • In the HPLC analysis, contents of paeoniflorin and paeonol found in PARa.PARb. SKTa and SKTb were higher than those of PAR, PARC, SKT and SKTc. Likewise, the content amounts of paeoniflorin and paeonol were also higher in Shao-Yao-Kan-Tsao-Tang, as compared to Paeoniae Alba Radix.
    • In conclusion, alcohol and acetic acid preparations of Paeoniae Alba Radix and Shao-Yao-Kan-Tsao-Tang possessed stronger sedative, analgesic, hypothermic and anti-pyretic effects than other preparations. They consisted a higher content of the major active constituents.Paeoniflorin and paeonol could be the active constituents in Paeoniae Alba Radix and Shao-Yao-Kan-Tsao-Tang.
  132. Lee, V.J., Chang, Y.S., Hsieh, M.T., & Ho, L.K. (1997). Antitumor and Antioxidant Effect of Celastrol Isolated from Celastrus Punctatus. China Medical College Journal, 6(3), 203-210. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • Celastrus punctatus (CP) is a renowned folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, malaria and other febrile diseases in Taiwan. Extract from plants of the Celastraceae family has been used as a commercial preparation for the treatment of cancer. The purpose of this study is to examine the anti-tumor effect of Celastrus punctatus.
    • Methanolic extracts obtained from the root of CP were separated by using fractionation chromatography and divided into five fractions: n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water layer (Fr. A-Fr.E). The ethyl-acetate and chloroform layer exerted strong anti-cancerous effect against five cancer cell lines including KB. P-388. HT-29. A-549, and HL-60. The n-hexane and water layer exerted a cytotoxic effect on P-388 and HL-60, whilst the butanol layer affected only KB cells. In addition, a red crystal, which exerted a strong inhibiting effect on all five cancer cell lines. was isolated from the ethyl-acetate layer and identified as celastrol. The anti-tumor effect of ethyl acetate layer might be originated from the bio-active compound, celastrol. As there were increasing evidences indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) might play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer, the anti-tumor effect of celastrol might be attributed to the inhibition of superoxide production induced by PMA and/or the scavenge of free radicals.
    李威著、張永勳、謝明村、何禮剛 (1997)。南蛇醇（Celastrol）抗癌及抗氧化作用之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，6:3 1997.12 [民 86.12]，203-210。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    光果南蛇籐（Celastrus punctatus）是台灣著名民間藥，「大鐵牛入石」的來源植物之一，民間一般襲用其治療風濕關節腫痛、腰痛、經閉等。此外，在衛矛科植物中已有治療癌症之製劑上市，而光果南蛇藤身為衛矛科之一員，故本實驗針對其抗癌之作用加以研究。經由不同溶媒抽提及濃縮後，共得到五個部分之抽提物，分別為正已烷，氣仿，乙酸乙酯，正丁醇及水層，各層之抽出物利用 MTT 法進行抗癌試驗，發現南蛇藤之各層抽出物對於所使用之五種癌細胞（KB，P-388，A-549，HT-29，HL-60）均有不同程度之抑制作用，其中以乙酸乙酯層及氣仿層之抗癌效果最好。同時在乙酸乙酯層中分離出一個紅色之化合物，經由光譜分析及文獻之比對後，證明此成分爲南蛇醇（celastrol）。同樣的，南蛇醇亦具有良好的抗癌作用，而且可能是乙酸乙酯層中之抗癌活性成分。而愈來愈多證據顯示癌症之產生與活性氧族群（Reactive oxygen species）有關，本實驗利用 PMA 來產生過多的 superoxide radical，若事先以南蛇醇處理，則會抑制 PMA 所誘生之 superoxide radical 產生。同樣的，在脂質過氧化的實驗中，南蛇醇亦有防止低密度脂蛋白氧化之作用。值得注意的是 PMA 本身為具有促進腫瘤細胞之作用，故而南蛇醇之抗氧化劑作用可能與其對抗癌細胞之作用有相關聯。
  133. 楊來發、謝文全、謝明村、張永勳、邱年永 (1997)。太魯閣國家公園自然保護區稀有漸危藥用植物之調查。中國醫藥學院雜誌，6:3 1997.12 [民 86.12]，227-234。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 太魯閣國家公園植物繁多，據調查計約有一千一百餘種，藥用植物資源也甚爲豐富，其中有些是珍貴稀有、漸危種之藥用植物，有些是具開發價值之稀有漸危之藥用植物，經研究調查之後。獲致之結論如下。
    • 一、稀有漸危之藥用植物有 43 種。
      • 稀有種:據考察資料屬於稀有的藥用植物有 30 種。如杉葉蔓石松、小杉葉石松、臺灣絨假紫其、扇羽陰地蕨、銀杏葉鐵角蕨、繡球藤、阿里山十大功勞、黃花鳳仙花、苦樹、雷公藤、雙黃花堇菜、芫花、燈臺樹等。
      • 漸危種:經調查太魯閣國家公園自然保護區中屬於漸危種的藥用植物有 12 種，即長柄千層塔、臺灣紅豆杉、臺灣粗櫪、臺灣五葉松、臺灣杉、土肉桂、巴氏草鳥、山本氏草鳥、五加葉黃連等。
    • 二、具開發價值之稀有漸危之藥用植物有 9 種對於經濟價值較高和科學研究意義較大的藥用植物種類，如紅豆杉、土肉桂、五加葉黃連、雷公藤、刺果衛矛、臺灣楤木、臺灣延命草、纈草、黃花石斛等有九種。
    • 綜合以上結果，獲致之稀有、漸危及有開發價值之藥用植物有 43 種。政府應事先著手掛牌、編號，嚴格保護與管理，並成立太魯閣國家公園藥用植物栽培區，依藥用植物生態習性分區栽培，將稀有漸危及較有開發價值種類藥用植物進行有性、無性繁殖後，在當地重新種植，以恢復其天然分布。
    Yang, L.F., Hsieh, W.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chang, Y.S., & Chiou, N.Y. (1997). An Investigation of Rare and Endangered Species of Medicinal Plant in Taroko National Park. China Medical College Journal, 6(3), 227-234.
    Abstract
    • The Taroko National Park in Taiwan contains an abundant and a large variety of plant species. Investigation report indicates that there are about 1,100 species of plants. Among these plants, many are of precious, endangered, medicinal species with potentials for research and development. This investigation describes various species of endangered medicinal plants found in this area. Our preliminary finding is listed as follows.
    • 1. There are 43 species of endangered medicinal plants, which include:
      • (a) Rare species: There are 30 species of rare plants found including Lycopodium annotinum, Lycopodium selage, Osmunda claytoniana, Notrychium lunaria, Asplenium rutamuraia, Clematis montana, Mahonia oiwakensis, Impatiens tayemonii, Picrasma aussioides, Tripterygium wilfordii, Viola biflora, Daphne genkwa and Cornus controversa.
      • (b) Endangered species: There are 12 species of endangered medicinal plants found in the Taroko National Park, which include Lycopodium serratum var. Longipetinlatum. Taxus mairei, Cephalotaxus wilsoniana, Pinus morrisonicola, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Cinnamomum osmophloeum, Aconitum bartletii, Aconitum jamamotoanum and Coptis quinquefolia.
    • 2. There are 9 species of rare and endangered medicinal plants having high economicvalues and potentialls for development. They include Taxus mairei, Cinnamomum osmophloeum, Coptis quindefolia, Tripterygium wilfordii, Euonymus echinata, Aralila taiwaniana, Rabdosia taiwanensis, Valeriana fauriei and Dendrobium tosaense.
    • In summary, there are 43 species of rare and endangered medicinal plants found with potential values for research and development. For the protection and conservation of these valubable resources, the government should start to take actions such as registration, numbering, strict protection and control. It is suggested that a cultivation area should be set up in the Taroko National Park to cultivate these rare and endangered species of medicinal plants referring to local ecological habitation. Through the use of sexual and asexual reproductive methods, these plantations can be planted and restored within the area of their natural distribution.
    (contains a citation sample)
  134. 謝明村、劉淑鈴、王廷輔、哈鴻潛、張成國 (1998)。治療肝炎中藥方劑之藥理學研究。中國醫藥研究叢刊，19 1998.02 [民 87.02]，79-95。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究係探討中國醫藥學院附設醫院肝炎特别門診用於治療肝炎之中藥方劑﹕H1（枳實梔豉湯）﹑H2（丹梔逍遙散）﹑H3（甘露飲加味）﹑H4（蠶桑合劑）及 H5（清﹒葉天士方）等五種方劑急性毒性試驗。結果小白鼠經又給予 H1~H5各方劑 10 g/kg 在一週內無死亡﹐顯示該等方劑又服殆無毒性。又 H2酒精抽取物經由腹腔注射對於小白鼠之 LD50 為 3.85 g/kg﹔其水抽取物經由腹腔注射對於小白鼠之 LD50 為 5.80 g/kg﹔顯示水抽取物之毒性低於酒精抽取物。
    • 本研究又探討 H1~H5等五種方劑對於實驗性高血脂大白鼠之影響。以血清中膽固醇﹑三甘油脂﹑高密度脂蛋白﹑SGOT 及 SGPT 等濃度之變化為作用之指標﹐俾進一步瞭解其對於肝功能之影響。實驗結果僅 H3或 H5能降低高血脂大白鼠血清中膽固醇﹐提升高密度脂蛋白及降低 SGOT 濃度。由以上結果顯示﹕H3或 H5可能阻斷膽固醇及三甘油脂帶回肝臟代謝排泄﹐使罹患冠狀動脈硬化之機會減少﹐及使肝功能趨於正常。
    • 本研究再探討丹梔逍遙散對於實驗性肝炎大白鼠進行藥理學實驗﹐獲致結果﹕丹梔逍遙散酒精或水抽取物對於四氣化碳誘發大白鼠之急性肝炎所引起血清 GOT﹑GPT﹑鹼性磷酸酶﹑總膽紅素等之升高現象﹐具有顯著降低作用。丹梔逍遙散酒精或水抽取物對於四氣化碳誘發大白鼠之亞急性肝炎所引起血清 GOT 之升高現象﹐具有降低作用。丹梔逍遙散酒精或水抽取物對於實驗性肝炎之改善作用﹐以水抽取物較酒精抽取物效果顯著。丹梔逍遙散酒精或水抽取物對於實驗性肝炎之改善作用﹐以誘發肝炎之前就給予丹梔逍遙散者較誘發肝炎之後再給予丹梔逍遙散者效果顯著。
    Hsieh, M.T., Liu, S.L., Wang, T.F., Ha, H.C., & Chang, C.G. Pharmacological studies on the effects of traditional Chinese prescriptions for hepatitis in rats. Journal of Chinese Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 19, 79-95.
    Abstract
    • H1 (Chih-Shih-Zhi-Szu-Tang), H2 (Dan-Zhi-Shiau-Yau-San), H3 (Kan-Lu Yin Chia-Wei), H4 (mixed Tsan-Sun prescription), and H5 (Yeh-Tien-Shih prescription) are five traditional Chinese prescriptions usually used to cure hepatitis patients in the China Medical College Hospital. In the present study, we investigated the acute toxicity and the effects of the five Chinese prescriptions in hyperlipidemia and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute or subacute hepatic damage in rats. Firstly, the five Chinese prescriptions orally at 10 g/kg did not induce death in mice.
    • Secondly, only H3 and H5 among the five Chinese prescriptions decreased the plasma cholesterol and SGOT levels, and increased the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in the hyperlipidemic rats. Therefore, H3 and H5 might reduce the occurrence frequency of atherosclerosis via the blockade of cholesterol and triglyceride absorption in the enterointestinal tract and metabolism in the liver.
    • Finally, T.S.Alc and T.S.H2O could decrease the plasma GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels increased by CCl4 in rats. Therefore, H2 improved the CCl4-induced acute or subacute liver damage in rats, and the effects of T.S.H2O were greater than those of T.S.Alc. Additionally, the improving effects of T.S.Alc and T.S.H2O administered before CCl4-induced acute or subacute liver damage are greater than those of T.S.Alc and T.S.H2O administered after CCl4-induced acute or subacute liver damage.
  135. Hsieh, M.T., Yang S.E., Peng W.H., & Wu, C.R. (1998). Anxiolytic Effects of Kan-Mai-Ta-Taso-Tang in Rodents. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 50(1), 43-54. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • Kan-Mai-Ta-Taso-Tang (abbreviate as Km) is a common Chinese prescription used to treat insomnia and mania by traditional physicians. Km exhibited sedative and anticonvulsive effects in modern phammacological studies. We therefore investigated the anxiolytic effects of Km in two-way active avoidance, black/white exploration and elevated plus-maze tests in rodents with diazepam and buspirone employed as positive controls.
    • Km (0.3 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased the response counts of unconditioned stimulus and intertrial crossing in two-way active avoidance tasks and increased the time spent in the black chamber in the black/white exploration test. Km also increased the time spent in the open arms and entries, but decreased the time spent in the close arms in the elevated plus-maze. Furthermore, Km did not display an analgesic effect at any dose. Km at 0.3 and 1.0 g/kg therefore possessed anxiolytic effects in various animal anxiety models.
  136. 謝明村 (1998)。甘麥大棗湯對大鼠抗焦慮作用之研究。中醫藥年報，16:2 1998.05 [民 87.05]，243-272。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 甘麥大棗湯為中醫臨床上常用於治療臟燥之方劑，首載於《金匱要略・婦人雜病脈症并論》，由炙甘草、浮小麥及大棗等三味藥所組成，主治「婦人臟燥。症見精神恍惚，悲傷欲哭，不能自主，呵欠頻發或失眠盜汗」；現今藥理學研究證實具鎮靜及抗痙攣作用。本研究擬採雙向主動迴避式反應（Two-way active avoidance）、黑白室（Black and white chambers）及上升性十字型迷宮（Elevated plus-maze）之焦慮模式，來探討甘麥大棗湯之藥效，並以 diazepam、buspirone 為正對照組。
    • 甘麥大棗湯於 0.3 ～ 1.0g/kg 劑量下，可減少大白鼠在雙向主動迴避反應之非條件反應次數及誤動作次數，而對條件反應次數則不影響；另可增加小白鼠於黑白室模式下在白室之滯留時間，並減少在黑室之滯留時間；最後，於上升型十字形迷宮下，可增加小白鼠在開放臂之滯留時間百分率、開放臂進入次數百分率及減少小白鼠在封閉臂之滯留時間百分率，但對封閉臂之進入次數則不影響。另由運動活性及電痛關值之測定，甘麥大棗湯於實驗劑量下並不具鎮痛活性，但在 1.0 g/kg 劑量下具降低運動量之作用。
    • 由上述結果顯示，甘麥大棗湯於 0.3 g/kg 具抗焦慮之活性，且與鎮痛、鎮靜之活性無關，其作用型態與 buspirone 相似；而在 1.0 g/kg 劑量下，其作用型態與 diazepam 相似。在黑白室焦慮實驗模式，甘麥大棗湯可增強低劑量 5-HTP 及合成抑制劑 PCPA 之作用，抑制高劑量 5-HTP 之作用；亦可增強 buspirone 及 ritanserin 之作用。而在甘麥大棗湯進一步之生化研究，在 0.3 g/kg 時可增加腦幹內 5-HIAA 之濃度，並減少 5-HT 之濃度。
    • 綜合上述結果，甘麥大棗湯於小劑量（0.3 g/kg）下具抗焦慮作用，其作用機轉與增加腦內 5-HT 之 turnover rate 有關。
    Hsieh, M.T. (1998). Studies on the anxiolytic effects of Kan-Mai-Ta-Taso-Tang in rodents. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 16(2), 243-272.
    Abstract
    • Kan-Mai-Ta-Taso-Tang (abbreviate as Km) is a most common Chinese prescriptions used to cure insomnia and mania by traditional physicians. It firstly was described in Chin-K'uei-Yao-Lueh and composed of Glycyrrhiza Rhizoma, Triticum Seed and Zizyphus Fruit. In the modern pharmacological studies, Km has sedative and anticonvulsive effects. Therefore, we attempt to investigate the anxiolytic effects of Km by means of two-way active avoidance, black and white chambers and elevated plus-maze, and use diazepam and buspirone as positive controls.
    • Km (0.3-1.0 g/kg) could decrease response counts of unconditioned stimulus and intertrial crossing in two-way active avoidance task, increase the time spent on the black chamber and decrease the time spent on the white chamber in the black/white box test. Finally, Km could increase the percentage of the time spent on the open arm and the entries of open arm, but decrease the percentage of the time spent on the close arm in the elevated plus-maze.
    • Furthermore, Km at any dosage didn't have analgesic effect, but at 1.0 g/kg could decrease the horizontal activity (sedative effect). So, the anxiolytic effects of Km at 0.3 g/kg could be not related to analgesic and sedative effect, and its effects are similar to those of buspirone. Then, the effects of Km at 1.0 g/kg could be similar to those of diazepam.
    • Km could enhance the effects of low dosage (5 mg/kg) 5-HTP, PCPA, 8-OH-DPAT and ritanserin, and attenuate the effect of high dosage (50 mg/kg) -5 HTP in the black/white box test. Furthermore, in the biochemical measurement, Km at 0.3 g/kg could decrease monoamines levels and increase its metabolites levels in the brainstem.
    • From these results, the anxiolytic effects of Km at 0.3 g/kg might be due to the increase of the turnover rate of 5-HT in brainstem.
    (in the abstract, the typesetter replaced 8 with *)
  137. 陳忠川、謝明村、邱年永、謝文全、侯鈺琪、經繐 (1998)。中藥材之鑑定研究。中醫藥年報，16:2 1998.05 [民 87.05]，387-479。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究之目的在於辨明中藥之真偽與來源植物，利用顯微鏡以解剖藥材，觀察其內部構造，粉末特徵，照像，並敘述各藥材之內部，粉末組織之內容，並就市售中藥之來源植物，進行實際採集，綜合各方面之鑑定，以作為標準品提供中藥 GMP 之檢驗標準。本年度完成下列 50 種中藥之研究，茲列舉其學名如下：
    • 1. 忍冬藤 Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae)
    • 2. 忍冬葉 Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae)
    • 3. 西瓜皮 Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae)
    • 4. 九節菖蒲 Anemone altaica Fish (Ranunculaceae)
    • 5. 龍葵 Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
    • 6. 馬鞭草 Verbena officinalis L. (Verbenaceae)
    • 7. 夜交藤 Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Polygonaceae)
    • 8. 牻牛兒苗 Erodium stephanianum Willd. (Geraniaceae)
    • 9. 毛地黃 Digitalis purpurea L. (Scrophulariaceae)
    • 10. 桑葉 Morus alba L. (Moraceae)
    • 11. 扶藍 Polygonum perfoliatum L. (Polygonaceae)
    • 12. 皂角刺 Gleditsia sinensis Lamarck (Leguminosae)
    • 13. 鳳尾蕨 Pteris multifida Poir. (Pteridaceae)
    • 14. 半邊蓮 Lobelia radicans Thunberg (Campanulaceae)
    • 15. 龍芽草 Agrimonia ledebour (Rosaceae)
    • 16. 水菖蒲 Acorus calamus L. (Araceae)
    • 17. 荔枝核 Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae)
    • 18. 紫金牛 Ardisia crenata Sims (Myrsinaceae)
    • 19. 廣藿香 Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Labiatae)
    • 20. 苧麻根 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. (Urticaceae)
    • 21. 老公根 Centella asiatica Urb. (Umbelliferae)
    • 22. 車前草 Plantago asiatica L. (Plantaginaceae)
    • 23. 狗肝菜 Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Nees (Acanthaceae)
    • 24. 銀柴胡 Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolata Ge. (Caryophyllaceae)
    • 25. 檳榔 Areca catechu L. (Palmae)
    • 26. 三白草 Saururus chinensis Baill. (Saururaceae)
    • 27. 小薊 Cirsium segetum Bge. (Compositae)
    • 28. 橘核 Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae)
    • 29. 鵝不食草 Centipeda minima L. (Compositae)
    • 30. 三棱 Sparganium stoloniferum Buch. (Sparganiaceae)
    • 31. 白曼陀羅葉 Datura metel L. (Solanaceae)
    • 32. 茶葉 Camellia sinensis L. (Theaceae)
    • 33. 天仙藤 Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. (Aristolochiaceae)
    • 34. 青木香 Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. (Aristolochiaceae)
    • 35. 雞屎藤 Paederia scandens Lour. Merr. (Rubiaceae)
    • 36. 金錢草 Desmodium styracifolium Merr. (Leguminosae)
    • 37. 穿心蓮 Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae)
    • 38. 金毛狗脊 Cibotium barometz L. (Dicksoniaceae)
    • 39. 石松 Lycopodium clavatum Linn. (Lycopodiaceae)
    • 40. 黃藥子 Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae)
    • 41. 八角蓮 Dysosma versipellis (Berberidaceae)
    • 42. 地錦 Parthenocissus tricuspidata Planch (Vitaceae)
    • 43. 玄參 Scrophularia yoshimurae Yamazaki (Scrophulariaceae)
    • 44. 牛膝 Rumex japonicus Houtt. (Polygonaceae)
    • 45. 大青葉 Clerodendrum cryptophyllum Turcz. (Verbenaceae)
    • 46. 高良薑 Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae)
    • 47. 延胡索 Corydalis yanhusuo (Papaveraceae)
    • 48. 西紅花 Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae)
    • 49. 半支蓮 Scutellaria barbata D. Don (Labiatae)
    • 50. 萬點金 Ilex asprella (Aquifoliaceae)
    Chen, C.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chiu, N.Y., Hsieh, W.C., Hou, Y.C., & Ching, H. (1998). Parmacognostical studies on Chinese crude drugs. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 16(2), 387-479.
    Abstract
    This study identified the authenticity of the crude drugs and their plant origins. The inner structure of the crude drugs and their powder characteristics were examined by microscopic methods, and the results were documented by photographic methods. Those documented figures were supplemented with the morphological descriptions of the inner structure of the crude drugs and the characteristics of the powders. A survey of the origins of each investigated crude drug on the Taiwanese market was also included. These results will provide authentic information for quality control standards for implementing GMP practices on Chinese crude drug preparations. This study selected 50 species from 360 species recorded in Chinese Crude Drugs Pharmacopoeia, published by the Ministry of Health, Executive Yuan, Republic of China. The names of the 50 species completed in the current year project are listed below:
    • 1. Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae)
    • 2. Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae)
    • 3. Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae)
    • 4. Anemone altaica Fish (Ranunculaceae)
    • 5. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)
    • 6. Verbena officinalis L. (Verbenaceae)
    • 7. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (Polygonaceae)
    • 8. Erodium stephanianum Willd. (Geraniaceae)
    • 9. Digitalis purpurea L. (Scrophulariaceae)
    • 10. Morus alba L. (Moraceae)
    • 11. Polygonum perfoliatum L. (Polygonaceae)
    • 12. Gleditsia sinensis Lamarck (Leguminosae)
    • 13. Pteris multifida Poir. (Pteridaceae)
    • 14. Lobelia radicans Thunberg (Campanulaceae)
    • 15. Agrimonia ledebour (Rosaceae)
    • 16. Acorus calamus L. (Araceae)
    • 17. Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae)
    • 18. Ardisia crenata Sims (Myrsinaceae)
    • 19. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Labiatae)
    • 20. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. (Urticaceae)
    • 21. Centella asiatica Urb. (Umbelliferae)
    • 22. Plantago asiatica L. (Plantaginaceae)
    • 23. Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Nees (Acanthaceae)
    • 24. Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolata Ge. (Caryophyllaceae)
    • 25. Areca catechu L. (Palmae)
    • 26. Saururus chinensis Baill. (Saururaceae)
    • 27. Cirsium segetum Bge. (Compositae)
    • 28. Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae)
    • 29. Centipeda minima L. (Compositae)
    • 30. Sparganium stoloniferum Buch. (Sparganiaceae)
    • 31. Datura metel L. (Solanaceae)
    • 32. Camellia sinensis L. (Theaceae)
    • 33. Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. (Aristolochiaceae)
    • 34. Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. (Aristolochiaceae)
    • 35. Paederia scandens Lour. Merr. (Rubiaceae)
    • 36. Desmodium styracifolium Merr. (Leguminosae)
    • 37. Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae)
    • 38. Cibotium barometz L. (Dicksoniaceae)
    • 39. Lycopodium clavatum Linn. (Lycopodiaceae)
    • 40. Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae)
    • 41. Dysosma versipellis (Berberidaceae)
    • 42. Parthenocissus tricuspidata Planch (Vitaceae)
    • 43. Scrophularia yoshimurae Yamazaki (Scrophulariaceae)
    • 44. Rumex japonicus Houtt. (Polygonaceae)
    • 45. Clerodendrum cryptophyllum Turcz. (Verbenaceae)
    • 46. Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae)
    • 47. Corydalis yanhusuo (Papaveraceae)
    • 48. Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae)
    • 49. Scutellaria barbata D. Don (Labiatae)
    • 50. Ilex asprella (Aquifoliaceae)
  138. 謝文全、謝明村、邱年永、黃昭郎 (1998)。臺灣產中藥材資源之調查研究（5）臺東縣藥用植物資源之調查報告。中醫藥年報，16:3 1998.05 [民 87.05]，165-403。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    台東縣為台灣省第三大縣，東臨太平洋，西接中央山脈與高雄縣接壤，南與屏東縣相鄰，北方以秀姑巒溪與花蓮縣為界，地形東西狹窄南北長，山谷交錯，地形複雜，位於本省東南部之後山，開發較晚，區內植物種類繁多，且海岸線長達 174 公里，濱海植物群落特殊，轄內又包括蘭嶼、綠島二鄉，其中稀有特殊珍貴藥材及具經濟價值之藥用植物資源豐富，宜詳加調查採集以利資源開發。茲為瞭解台東縣各鄉鎮市藥用植物分佈及目前本縣野生及栽培品種，同時進行民間藥之訪視，對於誤用混用者予以釐清並糾正之，俾便使用優良正統道地藥材，以確保國民健康。特殊瀕臨絕跡之藥用植物，則研究以組織培養方法來大量繁殖以降低成本供應市場之需，因而提出本調查研究計劃。茲就調查採集統計歸納各項研究成果摘錄如下：
    • 1. 台東縣藥用植物，計有 8 門、206 科、741 屬、1195 種，其中自生種有 964 種、栽培種 231 種，分佈於蘭嶼鄉有 139 科 469 種、綠島鄉有 108 科 308 種。
    • 2. 台東縣藥用植物生態，分佈於海濱有 207 種、平野 760 種、低海拔山區 697 種、中海拔山區 285 種、高海拔山區 60 種。
    • 3. 台東縣產藥用植物收載於歷代諸家本草者，計有中國藥材 393 種，分別隸屬於 434 種藥用植物。
    • 4. 台東縣產有毒藥用植物，較具明顯毒性者有松蘿等 65 種。
    • 5. 台東縣特有及稀有藥用植物，計有馬勃等 39 種。
    • 6. 台東縣民間驗方及用藥調查，計由邱宏宗先生等十七人提供 51 則驗方，收錄於本論文，以供臨床學者研究。
    • 7. 台東縣藥用植物藥材價格及銷售情形，調查統計整理計有一枝香等 126 種。
    • 8. 台東縣值得開發藥用植物，經訪問農改場及農民，評估 8 種值得開發的藥用植物，以供參考。
    • 9. 栽培於室內之烏芙蓉植株誘導側芽產生之方法，以每週噴灑 40mg/L BA 之效果最佳，每株可產生之側芽數平均達 5.3 個。
    • 10. 栽培於室內外之烏芙蓉植株，分別噴灑殺菌劑進行表面消毒，結果以栽培於室內者污染率較低，有利於組織培養之進行。
    • 11. 培殖體來源問以莖頂和側芽之不定芽誘導率較高，成功率約為 82.5~87.5%，平均每個培殖體可產生 8.3~8.45 個不定芽。
    • 12. Cytokinins 對不定芽之誘導，以含 2mg/L BA 之培養基平均可誘導出 8.88 個最佳。含 4mg/L BA 培養基則發生類似玻璃質化情形。
    • 13. 不同 MS 鹽類濃度之培養基，以含 1~2 倍鹽類濃度之 MS 基礎培養基較佳，誘導率可達 80.0~87.5%，每個培殖體平均可誘導出 7.35~8.23 個不定芽。
    • 14. 芽體之發根則以 1~4mg/L NAA 或 IBA 之培養基鍛強，兩者皆可達 70%以上。根數以 4mg/L IBA 最多，平均達 13.96 條，根長則以不添加植物生長調節劑之培養基較長，達 12.11cm。
    • 15. 含 1-2 倍 MS 鹽類濃度之培養基誘導發根能力較佳，平均為 75.0~82.5%。
    Hsieh, W.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chiu, N.Y., & Huang, C.L. (1998). Investigation and Study on the Resources of Chinese Crude Drugs in Taiwan (V). Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 16(3), 165-403.
    Abstract
    Taitung County is the third largest in the province of Taiwan, facing the Pacific Ocean in the east, bordering the Central Mountains and Kaohsiung County in the west, connecting Pintung County in the south and separating Hualiang County in the north with the Hsio-Ku-Nung stream. Its terrain is narrow in the east and the west but lengthy in the south and the north, with mountains and valleys crisscrossing. With complex terrain, the county is located at the southeast of Taiwan and beyond the mountains. It was developed rather late, and there is a great variety of plants in the county. Its coastal line stretches up to 174 kilometers with very special coastal plant colonies. Within its jurisdiction are included two townships of Lanyu and Lutao, in which there are rich resources of rare and precious medicinal materials and medicinal plants with economic value. They should be investigated and gathered in order to benefit resource development. The purpose of this research is to understand the distribution of the medicinal plants within each village, town, and city of Taitung County, and the wild and the cultivated varieties currently growing in the county, while at the same time, visits are conducted to understand the drugs among the folks, so as to clarify and correct those who misused them or mixed them mistakenly, to promote the use of the good and authentic medicinal materials, and to ensure the health of the people. To meet the market demands and lower the costs, we adopted organic cultivation and mass multiplication for their special medicinal plants on the verge of extinction and as a result, we present this investigative research project. Now, each and every research result in the aspects of investigation, gathering, statistics, and classification is outlined as follows:
    • 1. The medicinal plants in Taitung County can be classed into 8 phyla, 200 families, 741 genera, and 1195 species. Among those species, 964 were naturally grown, and 231 had been cultivated. 139 families and 469 species were distributed in Lanyu Siang, and 108 families and 308 species in Lutao Siang.
    • 2. The ecological distributions of the medicinal plants in Taitung County are as follows: 207 species distributed in coastal areas, 760 species on plains, 285 species in the mid-altitude mountain areas, and 60 species in the high altitude mountain areas.
    • 3. The medicinal plants grown in Taitung County and recorded by the different scholars of pents'ao in every dynasty are as follows: 393 species were the Chinese medicinal materials, which belong to 434 medicinal plants.
    • 4. Of the poisonous medicinal plants grown in Taitung County, there were 65 species with remarkable toxicity, such as Usnea longissima.
    • 5. From the results of this study, we have found 39 species of special and rare medicinal plants in Taitung County, such as Lasiosphaera nipponica.
    • 6. After visiting farming fields and farmers, we found 8 species of medicinal plants in Taitung County worth developing, and they are offered for reference.
    • 7. After statistical assortments from the prices of the medicinal plants and their marketing situation in Taitung County, including Hypericum japonicum, there were 126 species in total.
    • 8. Through visits to field farmers, we found 8 species of medicinal plants in Taitung County that were worth developing and offered for reference.
    • 9. For the Limonium wrightii plants, 5.3 adventitious buds per shoot could be induced by spraying 40 mg/L BA once a week.
    • 10. Fungicide was sprayed onto the Limonium wrightii plants cultivated indoors and outdoors for surface sterilization. We found that those cultivated indoors have a lower contamination rate. This result shows that the tissue culture can be conducted beneficially.
    • 11. The highest induction rate, about 82.5-87.5%, results from shoot tips and latent buds, which can produce 8.3-8.45 adventitious buds.
    • 12. Influence of cytokinins on the adventitious buds: the MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BA can get the best induction of 8.88 adventitious buds. The MS basal medium supplemented with 4 mg/L BA resulted in hyperhydricity of plantlets.
    • 13. Among the medium with various MS salt concentrations, the better media were 1-2X MS medium. The induction rate was 80.0-87.5%, and produced 7.35-8.23 adventitious buds per shoot.
    • 14. Influence of auxins on the root growth of the plantlet: better root growth was found in the MS basal medium supplemented with 1-4 mg/L NAA or IBA, with induction rates of more than 70% for both. The largest number of roots is in those containing 4 mg/L IBA with an average of 13.96 roots, while the longest roots, reaching 12.11 cm, were in the media without plant growth regulators.
    • 15. In 1-2X MS salt concentrations, those media achieved better results in root induction, averaging 75.0-82.5%.
  139. Hsieh, M., Wu, C., & Hsieh, C. (1998). Ameliorating effect of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol on cycloheximide-induced impairment of passive avoidance response in rats: interactions with compounds acting at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 60(2), 337–343. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The effect of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) on cycloheximide (CXM)-induced impairment in the step-through passive avoidance task was investigated in rats and compared to the effect of the nootropic piracetam. HBA and piracetam significantly counteracted the CXM-induced shortening of retention latencies. The effect of HBA was a bell-shaped dose–response curve with a maximal effect of 5 mg/kg. The counteractive effect of HBA was not depressed by either scopolamine or mecamylamine. The serotonin (5-HT) releaser, p-chloroamphetamine, and presursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, significantly antagonized the counteractive effect of HBA on the CXM-induced shortening of retention latencies. Furthermore, the counteractive effect was also inhibited by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and the 5-HT2 receptor agoinst 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2 aminopropane [(±)-DOI], but potentiated by the 5-HT1 receptor antagonist (±)-pindolol and the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin. There results suggest that the beneficial effect of HBA on CXM-induced impairment is amplified by treatment with serotonergic receptor antagonists but reduced by serotonergic 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor agonists, and insensitive to cholinergic manipulations.
  140. 謝明村、黃秀華、彭文煌、林穎志、張光雄 (1998)。厚朴不同炮炙品之藥理學比較研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，7:3 1998.09 [民 87.09]，69-79。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究將厚朴各炮炙品（生品、薑浸、薑煮、薑炒焦），分別以水及 95%乙醇抽取，再以鎮靜、肌肉鬆弛、抗痙攣、抗浮腫等實驗探討各炮炙品藥理作用之差異性，並進一步探討藥理作用最有效炮炙品的作用機轉。最後以高效液相層析法（HPLC）測定厚朴各炮炙品中所含厚朴酚（magnolol）及和厚朴酚（honokiol）之含量，以探討其藥理作用與成分間關係。
    • 實驗結果顯示，厚朴各炮炙品 95%乙醇粗抽取物具有延長 hexobarbital 誘發的睡眠時間，抑制大鼠運動量，延長 strychnine 所引起之 clonic convulsion 的時間及 picro-toxin 所引起 tonic convulsion 的時間，對由入-carrageenan 誘發發炎有抑制作用，且不具肌肉鬆弛作用。其中以生品 95%乙醇粗抽取物之藥理作用最強，且能增強由-MT、5-HTP、muscimol 所誘發之運動量降低作用，減弱 apomorphine、PCPA 所誘發之運動量興奮作用。又由高效液相層析法（HPLC）中測得厚朴各炮灸品 95%乙醇粗抽取物中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚含量，其中以生品含量最高，其次爲薑浸、薑煮、薑炒焦，而水抽取物則具肌肉鬆弛作用，但並未測得厚朴酚及和厚朴酚之含量。
    • 綜合上述，厚朴各炮炙品 95%乙醇粗抽取物具鎭靜，抗痙攣，抗浮腫等作用，其中以上品 95%乙醇粗抽取物之藥理作用最顯著，而其鎮靜機轉則可能與抑制 catechol-aminergic system 活性及增加 serotonergic system 和 GABAergic system 之活性有關。
    Hsieh, M.T., Huang, H.H., Peng, W.H., Lin, Y.C., & Chang, K.H. (1998) Comparative pharmacological studies on the decoctions of Magnolia officinalis. China Medical College Journal, 7(3), 69-79.
    Abstract
    In this study, four different decocted forms of Magnolia officinalis—raw, dipped, boiled, and scorched—were extracted with water and 95% ethanol separately. We compared the analgesic, muscle relaxation, anticonvulsive, and anti-inflammatory effects of each decocted Houpo. The contents of magnolol and honokiol were also measured by HPLC method. The results showed that the 95% ethanol crude extracts prolonged the sleeping time induced by hexobarbital in mice, clonic convulsion time induced by strychnine, and tonic convulsion time induced by picrotoxin, and reduced the locomotor activity in rats and the swelling volume of rat's hind-paw induced by carrageenan. It potentiated the hypomotility produced by (MT, 5-HTP, muscimol) and also reduced the hypermotility produced by apomorphine and PCPA. Among the ethanol crude extract of Magnolia officinalis, the raw Magnolia officinalis has the highest contents of magnolol and honokiol, and the dipped Magnolia officinalis ranks second high, while boiled Houpo ranks next, and the scorched Magnolia officinalis comes last. The water crude extracts had the function of muscle relaxation but did not contain detectable amounts of magnolol and honokiol. From these results, it was found that the 95% ethanol crude extracts had analgesic, anticonvulsive, and anti-inflammatory effects. The hypomotility produced by the 95% ethanol crude extract of raw Magnolia officinalis might be involved in the inhibition of the catecholaminergic system activities and the increase of the serotonergic and GABAergic activities.
  141. 林穎志、謝明村、吳龍源、彭文煌 (1998)。當歸補血湯對缺血性大鼠被動迴避學習反應障礙之影響。中國醫藥學院雜誌，7:3 1998.09 [民 87.09]，157-163。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究以被動迴避學習反應儀探討當歸補血湯水抽取物及 95 %乙醇抽取物對雙側頸動脈缺血大鼠被動迴避學習反應之影響，結果顯示雙側頸動脈缺血大鼠於缺血第二天及第十天會產生被動迴避學習反應障礙，當給予當歸補血湯水抽取物及 95%乙醇抽取物每天一次，連續給二天或十天對雙側頸動脈缺血大鼠產生之被動迴避學習反應障礙有顯著改善作用。電痛刺激實驗顯示，當給予當歸補血湯水抽取物及 95%乙醇抽取物每天一次，連續給二天或十天對變側頸動脈缺血大鼠之痛閾值並無影響。運動量實驗結果顯示，當給予當歸補血湯水抽取物及 95%乙醇抽取物每天一次，連續給二天或十天對雙側頸動脈缺血大鼠之運動量降低有明顯增加作用。
    • 綜合以上結果顯示，當給予當歸補血湯水抽取物及 95 %乙醇抽取物每天一次，連續給二天或十天對變側頸動脈缺血大鼠之被動迴避學習反應障礙有顯著改善作用。
    Lin, Y.C., Hsieh, M.T., Wu, L.Y., & Peng, W.H. (1998). Effect of Tang-Kuei-Pu-Hsueh-Tangs on the impairment of passive avoidance learning in rats exposed to cerebral ischemia. China Medical College Journal, 7(3), 157-163.
    Abstract
    • In this study, we used the passive avoidance task to investigate the effects of the water or ethanol extracts of Tang-Kuei-Pu-Hsueh-Tangs (PHT) on the impairment of passive avoidance learning in rats exposed to cerebral ischemia.
    • The rats after the occlusion of carotid vessels for two days or ten days produced the impairment of passive avoidance learning. The water or ethanol extracts of PHT at 0.5, 1.0 g/kg dose administered for two or ten days improved the impairment of passive avoidance learning produced by cerebral ischemia rats. This improssive effects of PHT were not affected by the the changes of the pain threshold. The water or ethanol extracts of PHT also improved the hypomotilities produced by cerebral ischemia rats.
    • In conclusion, the water or ethanol extracts of PHT improved the impairment of passive avoidance learning produced by cerebral ischemia rats.
  142. 李威著、張永勳、劉晉魁、何禮剛、謝明村 (1998)。芍藥藥材加工方法與基準方劑中芍藥苷含量變化之探討。中醫藥雜誌，9:3 1998.09 [民 87.09]，145-155。[Ref NCL]
  143. Hsieh, M.T., Chueh, F.Y., Lin, S.M., Chueh, F.S., Chen, C.F., & Lin, M.T. (1998). Catecholaminergic mechanisms-mediated hypothermia induced by magnolol in rats. The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 78(4), 501–504. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Intraperitoneal administration of magnolol (25 - 100 mg/kg) produced a dose-related fall in rats’ colonic temperature. The magnolol-induced hypothermia was attenuated by pretreatment with intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (200 μg/rat). The L-DOPA (200 mg/kg, i.p.) plus benserazide (50 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced hyperthermia was attenuated by magnolol. On the other hand, the α-methyltyrosine (100 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced hypothermia was potentiated by magnolol. Furthermore, magnolol (50 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the dopamine and norepinephrine release in the hypothalamus, but did not change the concentrations for their metabolites (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid). The data suggest that magnolol decreases colonic temperature by reducing catecholaminergic activity in rat hypothalamus.
  144. Hsieh, M., Chueh, F., & Lin, M. (1998). Magnolol decreases body temperature by reducing 5 hydroxytryptamine release in the rat hypothalamus. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 25(10), 813–817. [Ref]
    Abstract
    • 1. The effects of magnolol, isolated and purified from the cortex of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils, on thermoregulation and hypothalamic release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by in vivo microdialysis were assessed in normothermic rats and in febrile rats treated with interleukin-1β.
    • 2. Intraperitoneal administration of magnolol (25–100 mg/kg) produced a decrease in colon temperature, an increase in foot skin temperature, a decrease in metabolic rate and a decrease in the endogenous release of 5-HT in the rat hypothalamus.
    • 3. Depletion of rat brain 5-HT, produced by intracerebro-ventricular pretreatment with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, attenuated the magnolol-induced hypothermia, cutaneous vasodilation and decreased metabolism.
    • 4. Intracerebroventricular administration of (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (a 5-HT2 receptor agonist; 5–10 μg/5 μL) increased basal colon temperature and reversed the magnolol-induced hypothermia.
    • 5. The increases in both colon temperature and hypothalamic 5-HT release produced by interleukin-1β injection were attenuated by treatment with magnolol.
    • 6. The data suggest that magnolol decreases body temperature (due to increased heat loss and decreased heat production) by reducing 5-HT release in rat hypothalamus.
  145. Lee M.M., Hsieh M.T., Kuo J.S., Yeh F.T., & Huang H.M. (1998). Magnolol protects cortical neuronal cells from chemical hypoxia in rats. Neuroreport, 9, 3451-3456. [Ref]
    Abstract
    THE protective effect of magnolol, a component of Magnolia officinalis, against hypoxia-induced cell injury in cortical neuron-astrocyte mixed cultures was examined. Exposure of the cells to chemical hypoxia (0.5 mM KCN) produced morphological changes in neurons but not in astrocytes. KCN induced dose- and time-dependent increases in release of LDH and decreases in viable cell number. Treatment with magnolol (10 and 100 μM) significantly reduced the KCN-induced LDH release in a concentration-dependent manner. A higher concentration (750 μM) magnolol was toxic. Nuclear condensation was not observed in KCN-treated cells, suggesting that chemical hypoxia-induced cell death was via necrosis, rather than via apoptosis. This is the first report demonstrating that magnolol protects neurons against chemical hypoxic damage or necrotic cell death in cortical neuron-astrocyte mixed cultures.
  146. 黃瑞齡、謝明村、張成國、陳介甫 (1999)。B 型肝炎、抗病毒藥物的開發及葉天士方之展望。中國醫藥研究叢刊，20 1999.03 [民 88.03]，25-30。[Ref NCL]
  147. 張永勳、何玉鈴、高國清、童承福、邱年永、謝明村、蔡輝彥、陳忠川 (1999)。臺灣市售易誤用、混用中藥品種之檢討（三）。中醫藥年報，17:2 1999.05 [民 88.05]，55-90。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 近年來政府積極推行中藥 GMP 政策，以提高中藥及中藥製劑水準。然而有些中藥材之基原頗為複雜，商品名稱及來源亦很混亂，且常有代用品或膺偽品充斥其間，因此有必要對基原較複雜之藥材加以釐清。去年度之計畫以板藍根、大青葉及青黛等藥材為對象，初步發現市售青黛二十種檢品中，僅有四種含龍玉紅（indirubin）及龍藍（indigo）（兩種大陸、一種馬來西亞），其餘皆為藍色色素，嚴重影響臨床療效，值得全面檢驗臺灣市售青黛及含青黛製劑之定量分析。因此，本年度除繼續收集台灣市售青黛檢品至 30 件外，並委託大陸學者代為收集大陸各地市場品計 23 件，另依文獻中以各種不同科屬之原料進行青黛之製作，並比較其成分含量，發現各檢品中成分含量差異極大，值得重視。
    • 青黛中之龍藍（indigo）及靛玉紅（indirubin）近年研究發現具良好抗癌及抗菌作用，其乃為青黛之主成分，可作為評估青黨及含青黛製劑品質之指標成分，其主成分龍藍（indigo）及龍玉紅（indirubin）不易購得，因此本年亦進行此二指標成分之分離製作及其高效液相層析方法之建立，以期對此青黛作有系統之分析，並將分離所得之指標成分教予中醫藥委員會，提供中醫界、中藥界及各中藥廠參考，做到「藥知病用，醫知藥情」，以達到全面提昇中藥品質之理想。
    Chang, Y.S., Ho, Y.L., Kao, K.C., Tung, C.F., Chiu, N.Y., Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, H.Y., & Chen, C.C. (1999). Studies on the Commonly Misused, Adulterated Chinese Crude Drug Species in Taiwan (III). Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 17(2), 55-90.
    Abstract
    • In recent years, the Chinese Government in Taiwan started GMP policies to elevate the quality standard of the Chinese crude drug preparations. However, the name and origin of some crude drugs are confusing. Substitution and adulteration are very common. Therefore it is essential to clarify the origins of those confused drugs.
    • In the last year project, we investigated Ban-Lan-Gen (Isatidis Radix), Da-Ching-Yeh (Isatidis Folium), Ching-Dai (Indigo Naturalis) and the preparations containing those three herbs. The results showed thatamong the 20 Ching-Dai specimen collected from the Taiwan market, only four specimen contained indigo and indirubin which are the major ingredients of Ching-Dai.
    • This phenomenon prompted us to further evaluation of the commercially available Ching-Dai and the preparations contained Ching-Dai. We also prepared the Ching-Dai from different plant origin based on the previous reference and their chemical constituents were compared.
    • Indigo and indirubin had been reported to exhibit antitumor and antibacterial activities and can be taken as indicating constituents for evaluating the quality of Ching-Dai and preparations contained Ching- Dai. Indigo and indirubin standard samples are not readily commercially available, therefore we analyzed the indigo and indirubin contents of commercially available preparations and prepared indigo and indirubin in a large scale so as to able to provide pharmaceutical factories enough standards for their needs.
    • This work will be helpful in elevating the quality standard of Chinese crude drug preparations in order to meet the theme of standardized formulas proposed by the Health Bureau of the Republic of China.
  148. 謝文全、謝明村、邱年永、林榮貴 (1999)。臺灣產中藥材資源之調查研究（六）澎湖縣藥用植物資源之調查研究。中醫藥年報，17:2 1999.05 [民 88.05]，245-407。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    澎湖群島位於台灣海峽中央，距嘉義縣約四十餘公里，由大小 64 個島嶼組合而成。是我國東海與南海之天然分界線﹔北起目斗嶼，南止於七美嶼最東至查波嶼，西端至花嶼。群島面積 127 平方公里。濱海植物群落特殊，其中稀有特殊藥材及具經濟價值之藥用植物，宜加以調查開發。對於較具有療效的保肝民間藥，並進行動物實驗，以評估療效，開發生藥資源，以利肝炎治療。茲為瞭解澎湖縣各離島地區藥用植物分布及目前本縣野生及栽培種，同時進行民間藥之訪視，對於民間藥或正統道地藥材，誤用混用情形，予以釐清並糾正之。以確保國民健康。茲就調查採集統計結果歸納如下：
    • 1. 澎湖縣藥用植物，計有 6 門﹑130 科﹑421 屬﹑624 種，其中自生種有 334 種﹑栽培種 290 種。
    • 2. 澎湖縣產藥用植物收載於歷代諸家本草者，計有中國藥材 235 種，分別隸屬於 241 種藥用植物。
    • 3. 澎湖縣產有毒植物，較具明顯毒性者有七日暈等 46 種。
    • 4. 澎湖縣特有及稀有藥用植物，計有濱大戟等 25 種。
    • 5. 澎湖縣民間驗方及用藥調查，計由黃光正先生等 14 人，提供 68 則驗方，以供臨床藥學研究。
    • 6. 澎湖縣藥用植物藥材價格及銷售情形，調查統計有一枝香等 76 種。
    • 7. 澎湖縣值得開發藥用植物，經訪問農改場﹑農會及農民，評估值得開發者有香茹等 6 種，本研究選取香茹，評估其保肝效果。
    • 8. 從四氯化碳（CCL4）誘發大白鼠急性肝損傷及奈異硫氰酸脂（ANIT）誘發大白鼠急性膽道淤阻的研究，證明香茹治療肝炎時，有良好的保肝效果。由大白鼠的肝切片觀察一些病理變化，如脂肪變性（fatty change）﹑氣球樣變性（ballooning degeneration）﹑肝小葉中心壞死現象（centrilobular necrosis）﹑炎症細胞 Kupffer cells 與 lymphocytes 增值性發炎浸潤等，確認香茹藥物的保肝效果。至於其成分及保肝作用機轉有待更進一步之探討。
    Hsieh, W.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chiu, N.Y., & Lin, J.K. (1999). Investigation and Study on the Resources of Chinese Crude Drugs in Taiwan (VI) Investigation and Study on the Medicinal Plants in Penghu County. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 17(2), 254-407.
    Abstract
    • Penghu Islands, located in the middle of the Taiwan straits, are about over 40 kilometers away from Chiayi County and composed of 64 small or large islands, serving as a natural borderline between the East China Sea and the Southern China Sea. The islands begin with Mu-Tou-Hsu in the North and with Chi-Mei-Hsu in the South, with Cha-Po-Hsu in the east and Hua-Hsu in the west. The islands cover an area of 127 square kilometers. Among the unique coastal plant colonies are rare and special medicinal materials and plants of medicinal use with economic values appropriate for investigation and development. Those drugs, with the therapeutic effects of protecting the liver as grown among the local countryside, are being tested on animals in order to evaluate their therapeutic effects and to develop the crude drug resource for treating hepatitis.
    • In order to understand the distribution of medicinal plants in each individual island of Penghu County, and the naturally grown and artificially cultivated plant varieties in the county, investigations and observations are conducted at the same time on the drugs in the local areas. The misuses and mixed uses of those local drugs or those traditional authentic drugs are clarified and corrected to ensure the health of our citizens. The results collected from those investigations are classified as follows:
      • 1. The medicinal plants in Penghu County can be divided into 6 phyla, 130 families, 421 genera, and 624 species, among which 334 species are naturally grown and 290 species are artificially cultivated.
      • 2. Among those medicinal plants grown in Penghu County and recorded in various Pents'ao of individual Dynasties, there are 235 Chinese medicinal materials, which are attributed to 241 kinds of medicinal plants.
      • 3. Among the poisonous plants grown in Penghu County, there are 46 kinds of plants, such as Breynia officinalis etc., with comparatively conspicuous toxicity.
      • 4. Among the unique and rare medicinal plants grown in Penghu County, there are 25 kinds such as Euphorbia atoto etc.
      • 5. Through the investigations conducted by the 14 people including Huang Kwang-Chen (黃光正) on the local test prescriptions and drug use in Penghu County, 68 test prescriptions are provided for clinical medicinal research.
      • 6. 76 kinds of plants including Veronia cinerea are investigated and counted from the investigations of the price and sales situation of medicinal plants.
      • 7. After visits to agricultural reform workshops, Farmer's Unions, and farmers and discussions about the medicinal plants in Penghu County, 6 species are evaluated as worthwhile developing.
    • From the study of CCl4 inducing the acute hepatitis damage on the large white mice and ANIT inducing acute gall duct clogging (膽道淤阻) of the large white mice, clear evidence is recorded on Glossogyne tenuifolia to possess good liver protective effect when it is used to treat hepatitis. Such drugs as Glossogyne tenuifolia are confirmed to possess the effects of protecting the liver through the pathological change of large white mice, liver slices, fatty change, ballooning degeneration, centrilobular necrosis, Kupffer cells, and lymphocytes. As for its components and its liver-protecting functions, further studies remain to be explored.
  149. 謝明村 (1999)。天麻活性成分對位羥基苯醇改善學習記憶作用與下視丘-腦下垂體-腎上腺軸之關係。中醫藥年報，17:2 1999.05 [民 88.05]，409-442。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究以被動迴避反應，探討周邊暨中樞神經系統在 p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 改善學習記憶作用所扮演之角色。最後，並測定血醣濃度及下視丘 serotonin 濃度。
    • p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol（1 及 5 mg/kg）可改善經靜脈注射 6-OHDA 前處理之 apomorphine 或 cycloheximide 誘發學習記憶障礙，其作用明顯低於正常動物下之改善作用；另對 p-chloroamphetamine 及 apomorphine 誘發學習獲得障礙、cycloheximide 誘發記憶鞏固障礙及 apomorphine 誘發記憶再現障礙之改善作用，均可因去除腎上腺之前處理而部分阻斷。進一步之生化測定上，p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 可增加正常大白鼠血中 glucose 之濃度。p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol 對腦室給予 6-OHDA 或 5,7-DHT 誘發之學習記憶障礙均具改善作用，但較對 PCA 誘發學習記憶障礙之改善效果為差。最後，p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 對 cycloheximide 誘發學習記憶障礙之改善作用可因下視丘給予 5,7-DHT 而減弱，且若經下視丘給予亦具改善作用；而在生化測定上，下視丘給予 p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 可增加正常大白鼠下視丘區域 serotonin 之濃度。
    • 綜合上述實驗結果，p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 之改善學習記憶障礙作用不僅與周邊神經系統或中樞神經系統均有關連；可能與經腎上腺增加肝醣之再利用及中樞下視丘部位經 serotonergic 接受器以調節下視丘-腦下垂體-腎上腺軸之內分泌有關。
    Hsieh, M.T. (1999). Relationship between the improving effects of active constituent of Tianma-p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 17(2), 409-442.
    Abstract
    • In the present study, we investigated the role of the peripheral and central nervous system on the improving effects of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) in the passive avoidance task. Secondly, we assay the plasma glucose levels measured by YSI model 23A Glucose Analyzer, the concentration of serotonin in the hypothalamus measured by microdialysis-high performance liquid chromatography.
    • In the role of peripheral sites, the improving effects of HBA on the APO-induced or CXM-induced memory impairment in 6-OHDA (i.v.)-treated rats were smaller than those of HBA in normal rats. Secondly, adrenalectomy partially blocked the improving effects of HBA on PCA-induced, CXM-induced and APO-induced memory impairment. In the role of central sites, HBA improved the impairment of learning and memory induced by 6-OHDA or 5,7-DHT (i.c.v. or intrahypothalamal) in rats. Finally, intrahypothalamal injection of HBA improved CXM-induced impairment. Furthermore, biochemical studies also appeared that HBA increased the plasma glucose level and concentration of hypothalamic serotonin in normal rats.
    • From above results, we suggested the improving effects of HBA on the various drugs-induced impairment acted through not only the peripheral also central nervous system. These effects might be related to the increase of plasma glucose levels via the peripheral sites such as sympathetic nervous systems and adrenal gland, and the activities of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
  150. Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, M.L., Peng, W.H., & Wu, C.R. (1999). Effects of Fructus schizandrae on cycloheximide-induced amnesia in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 13(3), 256–257. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The effects of Fructus Schisandrae (Schizandra chinensis), (FS) on cycloheximide (CXM)-induced am-­nesia by using a passive avoidance task were studied in rats. FS at 0.25 and 0.75 g/kg administered for 1 week significantly prolonged the CXM-shortened step-through latency (STL). Of the fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and water), only the water fraction at 25 mg/kg administered for 1 week prolonged the CXM-shortened STL. These results suggest that the water fraction is the main active fraction of FS.
  151. Chang, Y.L., Usami, S., Hsieh, M.T., & Jiang, M. (1999). Effects of palmatine on isometric force and intracellular calcium levels of arterial smooth muscle. Life Sciences, 64(8), 597–606. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The effects of palmatine on isometric force and intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) were determined in isolated rat arterial strips. Palmatine dose-dependently relaxed the contractile responses stimulated by phenylephrine (PE) in aortic strips. In contrast, it only partially relaxed aortic strips contracted by 51 mM KCl. Pretreatment with palmatine shifted the dose-response curves of PE both rightwards and downwards in a dose-dependent manner. When Ca2+-free solution and re-addition of Ca2+ were applied to assess PE-induced phasic and tonic contractions, palmatine was found to be effective in inhibiting both contractions. The effects of palmatine on intracellular calcium levels were measured with the bioluminescent calcium indicator aequorin in rat tail artery strips. Palmatine caused a concomitant, dose-dependent decrease in PE-activated isometric force and [Ca2+]i, resulting in small changes in the [Ca2+]i-force relationship. These results suggest that vasodilatory effect of palmatine was mediated by reducing [Ca2+]i as well as affecting [Ca2+]i sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. Palmatine-induced [Ca2+]i decreases appeared to involve decreases in both Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and Ca2+ influx through calcium channels.
  152. 謝雲忠、謝明村、謝文全、蔡輝彥 (1999)。蒿屬植物劉寄奴之本草學考察。中醫藥雜誌，10:3 1999.09 [民 88.09]，189-204。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 唐高宗顯慶四年（公元六五九年），蘇敬奉敕撰新修本草，首載「劉寄奴草　味苦溫　主破血下脹　多服令人痢　生江南」。繼而日華子本草、劉翰開寶本草，掌禹錫嘉祐本草多有著墨，至唐慎微證類本草集其大成，一以血證爲依歸。
    • 然李中立本草原始示圖一市賣乾劉寄奴草形，誤頌原劉寄奴功在先，錯譜花葉實子於後，文圖 2 說，積非成是，今日識得者幾何?劉寄奴之用終難獲信，遂遭見棄。昔日風光藥物竟失色於今日，黃鐘毀棄，瓦釜雷鳴。本研究旨在真藥實用，鑿誤用之源，經由文獻考察、第圖分析等生藥學方法，獲致以下之結論：
      • 1. 貿易商引進錯誤之劉寄奴，消費者醫院、藥廠、藥房、藥局、病患無力亦無由選擇。
      • 2. 使用者長期爲蟛蜞之患所惑，產生偏安心理，不識真偽。
      • 3. 同名異物，藥效難章，醫家或以辨證不明，或以診脈不詳，牽就誤用之實，或率爾不用。
      • 4. 關務立法定義含糊籠統，執法選擇空間過大，專業困難度頗高。
    • 綜合以上之結果，顯示劉寄奴只有一種，就是台灣植物誌之珍珠蒿，中國植物志之奇蒿，而其學名列爲 Artemisia anomala S. Moore。名劉寄奴湯、散或入血證之劉寄奴皆爲此種。
    Hsieh, Y.C., Hsieh, M.T., Hsieh, W.C., & Tasi, H.Y. (1999). A Pentsaogical Research of Artemisia of Liu-Chi-Nu. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 10(3), 189-204.
    Abstract
    • In the 4th Sen-Chin (顯慶) Year of Tang (唐) Kao-Chung (高宗) (659A.D) Shu-Ching (蘇敬) was assigned by the emperor to edit Shin-Shu-Pentsao (新修本草) in which Liu-Chi-Nu (劉寄奴) was first recorded that ”Liu-Chi-Nu tastes bitter and warm, mainly used for breaking blood and alleviating distention. If it is taken too much, it will cause diarrhea. It grows south of the Yangtze River.”
    • Following this Pentsao, there are Jeh-Hwa-Tzu (日華子) Pentsao, Liu-Han (劉翰) Kai-Bo (開寶) Pentsao, and Tzan-Yuh-Shih (掌禹錫) Chia-You (嘉祐) Pentsao, in which there is much written about Liu-Chi-Nu. It was not until Tang-Seng-Wei (唐慎微) Cheng-Lei (證類) Pentsao, that the majority of knowledge on Liu-Chi-Nu was collected into an anthology. This herb was used to treat blood pattern.
    • However, in Lee-Chung-Li (李中立) Pentsao-Yuan-Shih (本草原始) there is a drawing which shows the shape of the dry Liu-Chi-Nu as it is sold on the market. Lee first put the original functions of Liu-Chi-Nu on the drawing, and then the flowers, leaves and fruit of Liu-Chi-Nu on the drawing are greatly different from those of the original Liu-Chi-Nu. The discrepany between the drawing and the written functions became common practice after long-term misuse. Therefore, very few people today can detect such a mistake, and the real functions of Liu-Chi-Nu could not be trusted and so Liu-Chi-Nu was discarded as useless. What was glorious and splendid in the past loses its splendor nowadays.
    • The objectives of this research aim at using real drugs in practical field, and locating the sources of misuse. After inspecting literature, analyzing medicinal pictures, arid comparing raw medicinal tissue slices, the reseaarther obtains the following conclusions:
      • 1.The consumer trading dealers introduce the wrong Liu-Chi-Nu, so that the consumer hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, drugstores and dispensaries are unable and powerless to make any choice.
      • 2.Users have long been fooled by the misuse and have created an appeasement psychology without distinguishing the real from the fake.
      • 3.It is difficult to show the effect of Liu-Chi-Nu, because the Liu-Chi-Nu sold on the market is not the same as the original Liu-Chi-Nu, even though they have the same name. The discrepancy causes doctors to question their diagnosis so that they discontinue using Liu-Chi-Nu.
      • 4.The ambiguity of legislation: the space for law-enforcement choice is too big, high degree of professional difficulty.
    • Putting all the above together, there is only one kind of Liu-Chi-Nu, which is 1.珍珠蒿 in Taiwan Flora and 奇蒿 in China Flora. The scientific name is Artemisia anomala S. Moore Such names as Liu-Chi-Nu soup, powder or all diseases related to blooding (血證) Liu-Chi-Nu are all referring to Artemisia anomala S Moore.
  153. Liu S.L., Hsieh M.T., & Liu C.H. (1999). Pharmacokinetics of scopoletin after intravenous administration in rabbits. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 51, 245-254. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    We developed a simple, reliable and practical HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method to quantify scopoletin in plasma. The experimental analysis was conducted using a reverse-phase C18 endcapped column with a mobile phase of CH3OH-H20, 50:50 v/v, pH 2.5-2.8 at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 340 nm for scopoletin and 260 nm for the internal standard (methylparaben). Method validation indicated that the precision and accuracy of this method were satisfactory. The recovery of scopoletin from plasma after deproteinization was excellent. The pharmacokinetic behavior of scopoletin in rabbits after intravenous administration of a single dose (2, 10, or 50 mg/kg) was studied. The plasma scopoletin concentration-time profile after iv administration was well described by a two-compartment model. For the 2, 10 and 50 mg/kg doses, the values of the steady-state volume of distribution were 9.679, 9.105 and 3.568 L and the total body clearance values were 0.322, 0.382 and 0.184 L/min, respectively. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of scopoletin in rabbits after iv administration are nonlinear over a 2-50 mg/kg dose range.
  154. Chang, Y.H., Hiseh, M.T., & Wu, C.R. (1999). Effects of acupuncture at pai-hui on the deficit of memory storage in rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 27(03n04), 289–298. [Ref]
  155. 柯裕仁、謝明村、謝文全、陳忠川、邱年永 (1999)。金門自生植物：潺槁樹之藥用植物學考察。中國醫藥學院雜誌，8:3 1999.09 [民 88.09]，25-31。[Ref NCL]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 潺槁樹（Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob.）是目前金門自生木本植物中蓄積量最豐富的樹種，該植物在未移植前從未見產於台灣。
    • 近年來有關潺槁樹藥用功能之報導漸多，但藥用植物學考察及相關文獻資料仍欠缺，本研究乃就潺槁樹之基原，從其植物學上之分類位置、特徵、型態等項，在藥用植物學上進行考察。潺槁樹在生藥學、植物化學、藥理學上的學術研究報告有限，有待在藥學上再進一步去研究探討。
    Ko, Y.J., Hsieh, M.T., Hsieh, W.C., Chen, C.C., & Chiu, N.Y. (1999). Pharmacobotanical Study of Chan-Kao Tree (Litsea glutinosa), an endemic plant in Kinmen. China Medical College Journal, 8(3), 25-31.
    Abstract
    Kinmen locates closely to mainland China, the relationship of plant community is close to mainland consequently, and the resemblance of plant community with the mainland is higher than that of Taiwan also. The biggest difference of local plants between Kinmen and Taiwan is Chan-Kao Tree (Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob.), which is the most abundant endemic woody plant in Kinmen currently. But, before the recent transplantation, this plant was never been found in Taiwan. Recently, reports regarding the medicinal uses of Chan-Kao Tree coming out more than before. This pharmacobotanical study is to review the recent literatures of the drug and plant, and to expound it for the future research basis and reference. After the investigation, we concluded that the documents of academic studies to Chan-Kao Tree in pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacology yet is still few. Further pharmaceutical research to this plant is necessary and expected.
  156. Hsieh C.C., Chang W.Y., & Hsieh M.T. (1999). Concentrations of biogenic amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid from normal full term and premature infants. China Medical College Journal, 8(3), 55-60. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • To assess the maturation of central serotonin and catecholamine pathways between premature and full term babies, we measured homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) concentrations in lumbar CSF. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from 22 infants (8 premature and 14 at term), ranging in age from 1 day to 16 months old; all of them have no evidence of CNS disease by strict exclusions. In each specimen, concentrations of HVA, 5-HIAA, and MHPG, the stable acid metabolites of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, were measured by using HPLC with electrochemical detection.
    • The mean of 5-HIAA in the premature group is significantly higher than full term group (p < 0.05, T-test). This result suggests that the premature have more serotonin activity. Our study also indicated a strong inverse correlation in infants between CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and age. This result revealed that age should be considered when interpreting results from studies on C S levels of serotonin metabolites.
    謝佳璋、張婉雅、謝明村 (1999)。正常足月兒與早產兒腦脊髓液中神經傳導物質代謝物濃度之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，8:3 1999.09 [民 88.09]，55-60。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本實驗目的旨在探討，正常足月兒與早產兒腦脊髓液中，神經傳導物質濃度之比較。共收集二十二例嬰兒，其中八例是早產兒，十四例是足月兒，抽取其腦脊髓液，並利用 HPLC 來測定其中神經傳導物質代謝產物濃度，例如 HVA，5-HIAA 及 MHPG，其分别為多巴胺、血清素及正腎上腺素之代謝產物。
    • 實驗結果，早產兒腦脊髓液中 5-HIAA 濃度顯著高於足月兒，此結果顯示早產兒腦中有較高之血清素活性。本實驗亦顯示，腦脊髓液中 5-HIAA 濃度會隨著年齡之增加而減少，此結果指出，在研究腦脊髓液中血清素活性及其代謝產物時，必須將年齡之因素考慮在内。
  157. 江睿玲、吳錦生、何禮剛、謝明村、黃克峰、張永勳 (1999)。原小蘗鹼型生物鹼衍生物鎮靜及鎮痛活性之評估。中醫藥雜誌，10:4 1999.12 [民 88.12]，249-259。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究以 palmatine（I）及 tetrahydropalmatine（II）為起始物質，利用化學合成方法合成:7,8-dihydropalmatine（Il）、7,8-dihydropalmatinemethyliodide（IV）、tetrahydropalmatinemethyliodide（V）、palmatinephenolbetaine（VI）、2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-8,14-cycloberbin-13-one（VI）、1-(α-naph-thyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinevinyldiacetate（VII）、1-spiroisoquinoline（IX）等九個化合物，並進行其鎭靜及鎭痛之藥理活性之評估。實驗結果顯示，所有化合物對腹腔注射（i.p.）pentobarbital（50mg/kg）所誘發之睡眠時間都具有延長作用，在 1mg/kg,i.p.時以化合物 I 效果最好；而在 1%醋酸（0.1 ml/10 g, i.p.）誘發扭體反應之鎭痛實驗中，所有化合物在 1mg/kg 下均有相似之鎭痛作用，但以化合物 I、II、I、IV 及 V 等五個化合物在腹腔給予 10mg/kg 時可以完全抑制醋酸所引起之小鼠扭體反應。綜合上述化學與藥理二方面之實驗結果，可推得下列兩個結論：（1）保存母核四個環的完整很重要；當母核上的第 B、C 兩環分別裂開但仍保持環型三級胺時其鎮靜及鎭痛之藥理活性減弱。（2）在母核氮上具甲基形成四級銨鹽時，會使其鎮靜之藥理活性減弱，但對鎮痛作用沒有影響。
    Jiang, R.L., Wu, C.S., Ho, L.K., Hsieh, M.T., Huang, K.F., & Chang, Y.S. (1999). Sedative and analgesic activities of protoberberine type alkaloid derivatives. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 10(4), 249-259.
    Abstract
    Our studies used palmatine (I) and tetrahydropalmatine (II) as starting materials and synthesized seven different derivatives as follows: 7,8-dihydropalmatine (III), 7,8-dihydropalmatine methyl iodide (IV), tetrahydropalmatine methyl iodide (V), palmatinephenolbetaine (VI), 2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-8,14-cycloberbin-13-one (VII), 1-(α-naphthyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline vinyl diacetate (VIII), and 1-spiroisoquinoline (IX). They were evaluated for their sedative and analgesic activities. Results showed that they all lengthened the sleeping time which induced by pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and the most potent one is palmatine (1 mg/kg; i.p.). The writhing response by injection of 1% acetic acid (0.1 ml/10g) was completed abolished when giving compound I, II, III, IV, and V at the dose of 10 mg/kg (i.p.), respectively. Comparison among these derivatives the following two conclusions were obtained: (1) It is important that the parent four ring skeleton is retained, effects diminished when the ring structure was opened. (2) Methylation of nitrogen on the parent nucleus to quaternary ammonium salt would reduce its activity.
  158. 黃瑞齡、陳建志、謝明村、陳介甫、張成國、張永勳 (1999)。中藥抗 B 型肝炎病毒之篩選。中醫藥雜誌，10:4 1999.12 [民 88.12]，261-268。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    以具有 B 型肝炎病毒基因體嵌入其內之人類肝癌細胞株 MS-G2，進行 34 種中藥抗 B 型肝炎病毒之篩檢。結果顯示陳皮、黃芩、白豆蔻及茵陳等四個單味藥，在 200 μg/mL 時具有抑制 B 型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）之作用。其抑制百分比分別為 37.5%、41.3%、28.9% 及 21.9%。紅棗具有抑制 B 型肝炎病毒表面抗原及 e 抗原之作用，其抑制百分比分別為 35.2% 及 26.1%。其餘 29 種中藥，在 200 μg/mL 時不具有抑制 B 型肝炎病毒之作用。
    Huang, R.L., Chen, C.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, C.F., Chang, C.G., & Chang, Y.S. (1999). Screening on the anti-hepatitis B virus of Chinese medicine drugs. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 10(4), 261-268.
    Abstract
    Using the MS-G2 strain of the human hepatoma cell line that had been integrated with hepatitis-B viral gene, we screened 34 Chinese herbal drugs for their anti-hepatitis-B activity. The result showed that the four simple herbs Citri leiocarpae Exocarpium, Scutellaria Radix, Amomi rotundi Fructus, and Artemisiae capillaris Herba possessed anti-hepatitis-B surface antigen activity at 200 μg/mL. The inhibitory activities were 37.5%, 41.3%, 28.9%, and 21.9%, respectively. At 200 μg/mL, Zizyphi Fructus possessed anti-hepatitis-B surface antigen and e antigen activity, with inhibitory activities of 35.2% and 26.1%, respectively. The other 29 Chinese herbal drugs did not possess anti-hepatitis-B activity at 200 μg/mL.
  159. 吳介信、戴妏玲、蔡輝彥、謝明村、張文正 (1999)。厚朴及澤瀉對於動脈粥狀硬化形成之研究。中國醫藥學院雜誌，8:4 1999.12 [民 88.12]，17-23。[Ref NCL]
  160. Hsieh M.T., & Wu C.R.(1999). The counteracting effects of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol on the inhibitory avoidance response in rats: role of the central and peripheral catecholaminergic system. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 51, 413-424. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • The effect of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) on apomorphine (APO)-induced amnesia and the role of the central and peripheral catecholaminergic systems on the counteracting effects of HBA were investigated in an inhibitory avoidance model in rats. It was observed that HBA at doses of 1, 5 and 25 mg/kg significantly attenuated APO-induced impairment. Piracetam at 100 mg/kg also attenuated APO-induced impairment. The counteracting effect of HBA on the APO-induced impairment was significantly antagonized by a D1-selective agonist, SKF 38393, but was potentiated by the D1 antagonist, R-(+)-SCH 23390. The counteracting effect brought about by HBA on APO-induced impairment was significantly potentiated by a selective D2 antagonist, (-)-sulpiride. Intravenous 6-hydroxydopamine did not impair the inhibitory avoidance response, but blocked the counteracting effect of HBA on the APO-induced impairment. Finally, HBA counteracted the 6-OHDA (i.c.v.)-induced impairment of the inhibitory avoidance response.
    • In conclusion, the counteracting effects of HBA on the APO-induced impairment of the inhibitory avoidance response might be related to modulation of both peripheral and central catecholaminergic neuronal activities via the α1-receptor and the postsynaptic D1 and D2 receptors.
  161. Chang, C.K., Chueh, F.Y., Hsieh, M.T., & Lin, M.T. (1999). The neuroprotective effect of DL-tetrahydropalmatine in rat heatstroke. Neuroscience Letters, 267(2), 109–112. [Ref]
    Abstract
    After the onset of heatstroke, rats with saline injection displayed hyperthermia, decreased mean arterial pressure, decreased cerebral blood flow, increased brain monoamine release, and increased neuronal damage score compared with those of normothermia, control rats. The heatstroke-induced hyperthermia, arterial hypotension, cerebral ischemia, brain monoamine overload, and cerebral neuronal injury were attenuated by pretreatment with dl-tetrahydropalmatine. The data indicate that dl-tetrahydropalmatine pretreatment provides neuroprotective effect in heatstroke.
  162. Hsieh, M.T. (1999). Studies on the Sedative, Hypotensive and Bradycardic Effects of dl-Tetrahydropalmatine in the Rat. Research Communications in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 4(3/4), III–23. [Ref WorldCat] [Ref BL]
  163. 黃瑞齡、陳建志、張永勳、張成國、陳介甫、謝明村 (2000)。治療肝疾方劑抗人類 B 型肝炎病毒作用之探討 -- 六個傳統中藥複方抗人類 B 型肝炎病毒作用之研究。中醫藥雜誌，11:1 2000.03 [民 89.03]，1-8。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    柴胡疏肝散、加味逍遙散、一貫煎、血府逐瘀湯、甘露消毒丹及葉天士肝炎 方等六個中藥複方。首先以酵素連結免疫吸附法（ELISA）分析測定 B 型肝炎病毒 表面抗原（HBsAg）及 e 抗原（HBeAg）的抑制為指標，結果顯示
    • （1）柴胡疏肝散、 加味逍遙散、一貫煎及血府逐瘀湯，對 B 型肝炎病毒表面抗原及 e 抗原無抑制作 用，亦無顯著細胞毒害作用。
    • （2）甘露消毒丹的甲醇抽取物，在劑量 200 µg/ml，無細胞毒害作用下，具有抑制 B 型肝炎病毒表面抗原之作用（P < 0.01），其抑 制作用隨劑量之增加而增強，其抑制百分比於給藥處理第九天達到最高為 32.5 %。
    • （3）葉天士肝炎方的甲醇抽取物，在劑量 200 µg/ml，無細胞毒害作用下，具有抑制 B 型肝炎病毒表面抗原（P < 0.01）及 e 抗原之作用（P < 0.01），其抑 制最高百分比分別為 28.7 及 30.3 %。
    Huang, R.L., Chen, C.C., Chang, Y.S., Chang, C.G., Chen, C.F., & Hsieh, M.T. (2000). Journal of Chinese Medicine, 11(1), 1-8.
    Abstract
    Chai-hu-shu-kan-san (柴胡疏肝散), Chia-wei-shiau-yau-san (加味逍遙散), Iquan-chien (一貫煎), Xue-fu-zhju-yu-tang (血府逐瘀湯), Kan-lu-hsiao-tu-dan (甘露消 毒丹), and Yap’s soup (葉天士肝炎方) are six most commonly employed decoctions in traditional Chinese medicine for treating pain of right upper-abdomen, jaundice, hepatitis, and liver disease. In this study, we study their effects by analyzing the HBsAg and HBeAg as anti-viral indicators by using ELISA assay. Our results showed that:
    • (1) Chai-hu-shu-kan-san, Chia-wei-shiau-yau-san, I-quan-chien, and Xue-fu-zhju-yu-tang depict either anti-HBV effects no cytotoxic effects.
    • (2) The methanol extract of Kan-lu-hsiao-tu-dan, at dose 200 µg/ml, depicts anti-HBsAg activity (P < 0.01) and without cytotoxic effect. The inhibition effect was found to be dose dependent. This effect was highest after drug treatment at the ninth days with the inhibition percentage up to 32.5%.
    • (3) The methanol extract of Yap’s soup, at dose 200 µg/ml, depicts no cytotoxic effect while showing anti-HBsAg (P < 0.01) and anti-HBeAg (P < 0.01) activities. The highest inhibition percentage of HBsAg and HBeAg is 27.1 and 26.1%; respectively.
  164. 彭文煌、謝明村、林穎志 (2000)。黃耆對腦缺血大鼠被動迴避學習反應障礙之影響。中國醫藥科學雜誌，1:1 2000.03 [民 89.03]，17-23。[Ref NCL]
  165. Hung C.F., Chung J.G., Liao J., Kiyokawa M., Hsieh M.T., Hsu, L.T., Chen J.L. (2000). Effect of carmustine on N-acetyltransferase activity in rat glioma cells. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1(1), 35-40. [Ref NCL]
    Abstract
    Rat glioma cell cytosol (subcellular fraction) was used to investigate the effect of carmustine (BCNU) on the activity of NAT toward p-aminiobenzoic acid and 2-amniofluorene using an acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) recycling assay and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). BCNU is a cancer chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of brain tumor. Activity of N-acetyltransferase in rat glioma cell cytosol is found to be inhibited by BCNU. Its presence in the assay medium shows an inhibition in PABA-NAT activity about of 16.6%, 31.3% and 50% in rat glioma cells at 0.8 mM, 8mM and 80mM of BCNU concentrations respectively; while as AF-NAT activity decreased about 20.4%, 35.2% and 51.9% in rat glioma cells with 0.8 mM, 8mM and 80mM of BCNU concentrations respectively. The results of this study show that NAT activity is decreased by BCNU, which can be attributed to its anticancer activity.
    洪啟賦、鍾景光、廖仁、廖美姬、謝明村、徐雷鐸、陳建良 (2000). Carmustine 對大白鼠大腦膠質瘤細胞株中乙醯轉移酵素活性的影響。中國醫藥科學雜誌，1:1 2000.03 [民 89.03]，35-40。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    芳香胺化合物經 N 基乙醯轉移酵素（N-acetyltransferase）之 N 基乙醯化可誘發癌，本研究是 in vitro 探討 carmustine(BCNU)對大白鼠大腦膠質瘤細胞株中乙醯轉移酵素活性（NAT）的影響。取 12 個大白鼠大腦膠質細胞瘤組織用乙醯化輔脢 A 作乙醯基而再利用高壓液相層析儀分析乙醯轉移酵素的活性及 BCNU 對大白鼠大腦膠質細胞瘤組織中乙醯轉移酵素活性的影響，以 2-aminofluorene（2-AF）和 p-aminobenzoic acid（PABA）作受質。結果顯示白鼠大腦膠質瘤細胞株中對 AF 及 PABA 受質皆有乙醯轉移酵素的活性存在，其對 AF 及 PABA 的活性平均值各為 1.08±0.18 及 0.96±0.16 nmol/min/mg protein。在 0.8 mM, 8mM and 80mM 的 carmustine 濃度中，白鼠大腦膠質瘤細胞株中 PABA-NAT 活性降低約為 16.6%, 31.3% and 50%，AF-NAT 活性降低約為 20.4%，35.2% and 51.9%。Carmustine 降低白鼠大腦膠質瘤細胞株 中乙醯轉移酵素的活性的作用，可能是 carmustine 治療膠質細胞瘤的一種機轉。本實驗報告是 in vitro 探討的初步報告，當然須再進一步 in vivo 的研究確認。
  166. 謝明村 (2000)。六味地黃丸增加學習記憶能力之藥理學研究。中醫藥年報，18:1 2000.06 [民 89.06]，399-430。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • 六味地黃丸由熟地黃、山茱萸、山藥、茯苓、澤瀉及丹皮等六味藥所組成，主治「腎怯，囪開不合，神不足…」；現代藥理研究發現六味地黃丸具抗衰老作用。因此，本研究將六味地黃丸採水或 95% 乙醇抽取分成兩組，以被動迴避學習反應來探討六味地黃丸採水或 95% 乙醇粗抽物對藥物（scopolamine、p-chloroamphetamine 及 cycloheximide）所誘發之學習記憶障礙之作用；另因在被動迴避實驗中仍受大鼠運動活性及對電刺激引起的痛刺激反應影響，因此本研究另輔以自發運動量及電痛閾值之測定。
    • 於一次給藥後，六味地黃丸水粗萃取物及 95% 乙醇粗萃取物於大劑量下（2 g/kg）對 scopolamine、p-chloroamphetamine 誘發之學習獲得障礙及 cycloheximide 誘發之記憶鞏固障礙均具改善作用。於一週連續給藥後，六味地黃丸水及 95% 乙醇粗萃取物對 p-chloroamphetamine 誘發之學習獲得障礙及 cycloheximide 誘發之記憶鞏固障礙改善作用較為顯著，而對 scopolamine 誘發之學習獲得障礙則僅於大劑量（1 g/kg）下始具作用。在二週連續給藥後，六味地黃丸水及 95% 乙醇粗萃取物不論於何劑量下對 scopolamine、p-chloroamphetamine 誘發之學習獲得障礙及 cycloheximide 誘發之記憶鞏固障礙均具改善作用。其中不論一次給藥、一週長期給藥或二週長期給藥，六味地黃丸水粗萃取物及 95% 乙醇粗萃取物之效果相當。
    • 綜合研究結果，顯示六味地黃丸不論一次給藥、一週長期給藥或二週長期給藥，並不具鎮靜或鎮痛作用；其改善 scopolamine、p-chloroamphetamine 誘發學習獲得障礙及 cycloheximide 誘發記憶鞏固障礙之作用，應與學習記憶過程有關；其中六味地黃丸水粗萃取物及 95% 乙醇粗萃取物之效果相當；另藥效與給藥時間成正比關係，當給藥時間越長，其藥效越佳。而其改善學習記憶障礙之作用機轉主要可能與降低 serotonergic system 之活性及增強 protein synthesis 有關，另亦與增強中樞 cholinergic system 之活性有關。
    Hsieh, M.T. (2000). The facilitating effects of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan on learning and memory in rats. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 18(1), 399-430.
    Abstract
    • Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan (六味地黃丸) belongs to "Tonifying formulas (補益劑)" and is used to cure insomnia, hyperlipidemia, and DM. In modern pharmacological studies, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan possesses anti-aging properties. So, our present study will aim to investigate the facilitating effects of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan extracted by water or 95% alcohol on various drug-induced memory impairments in the passive avoidance task. Moreover, the effect on motivational or motor systems can, in turn, affect the acquisition of the avoidance response. We will also investigate the motor activity and pain threshold of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan to separate its facilitating effect on memory processes from those on motivational or motor systems.
    • After single administration, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan extracted by water or 95% alcohol at 2 g/kg attenuated the scopolamine-induced and p-chloroamphetamine-induced acquisition impairment, and cycloheximide-induced memory storage impairment. After one-week concurrent administration, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan extracted by water or 95% alcohol at any dosage attenuated the p-chloroamphetamine-induced acquisition impairment and cycloheximide-induced memory storage impairment, but only at 1 g/kg attenuated the scopolamine-induced acquisition impairment. After two-week concurrent administration, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan extracted by water or 95% alcohol at any dosage attenuated the scopolamine-induced and the p-chloroamphetamine-induced acquisition impairment, and cycloheximide-induced memory storage impairment.
    • From our present data, it suggested Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan extracted by water or 95% alcohol at any dosage attenuated the scopolamine-induced and the p-chloroamphetamine-induced acquisition impairment, and cycloheximide-induced memory storage impairment. Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan extracted by water or 95% alcohol at any dosage did not possess sedative or analgesic activities, and the attenuating effects of it might be related to memory processes. Furthermore, the potency of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan extracted by water on the improvement of memory deficit was similar to that of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan extracted by 95% alcohol. The longer the period of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan treatment, the better the potency on the improvement of memory deficit. The mechanism of the attenuating effects of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan on memory deficit was related to decreasing serotonergic neuronal activity, enhancing protein synthesis, and central cholinergic neuronal activity.
    (title typo on NCL, "增加" should be "增強")
  167. 張永勳、何玉鈴、高國清、尤紹懿、邱年永、陳忠川、謝明村 (2000)。臺灣地區寺廟藥籤現況之調查研究。中醫藥年報，18:3 2000.06 [民 89.06]，411-602。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 在臺灣各地的寺廟中，常設有「藥籤」，以供人身體有疾，求神佛賜藥籤，藉以 治病者。然而藥籤上所用之藥有些為有毒之藥物，若使用不當可能引起不良的作用，甚者導致死亡。各地寺廟除藥籤外也有提供記載民間療法之善書，其中亦含有毒性 較大之藥物，過去也曾發生華陀仙翁秘方中服用生杏仁三兩而引起中毒之報告，故 對此類藥物在使用上必須特別注意。
    • 本計畫查訪臺灣地區各地寺廟，並收集各地寺廟之藥籤，將其分為八個系統，每一系統與所祀主神並無絕對關係，而每一系統所載藥籤內容可能因為不同寺廟而 在數目、種類及內容上有差異。本研究在毒劇藥物方面僅發現雄黃，在保育動物方 面發現有犀牛角、虎骨及雄膽等，亦發現有管制藥物罌粟殼及危險物舊鐵釘與紋銀 等內容之藥籤。而各寺廟所提供之善書並未發現有毒藥物及保育動物。
    Chang, Y.S., Ho, Y.L., Kao, K.C., Yu, S.Y., Chiu, N.Y., Chen, C.C., & Hsieh, M.T. (2000). Investigation of Medical Divinatory Lots Currently Used by Temples in Taiwan Area. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 18(3), 411-602.
    Abstract
    • Many temples in Taiwan provide medical divinatory lots for worshipers to draw to cure their disease since ancient times. However, many medical divinatory lots contain poisonous drugs which may cause unexpected side effects or even death if the drugs are not properly used.
    • This project investigated the current usage of medical divinatory lots in various temples in Taiwan area. The medical divinatory lots collected could be divided into eight systems. The systems were not consistent with the gods wordhipped in the temple. Within the same lots system, there were also some variation in the number, species and contents. Among them, only Realgar was regarded as poisonous drug. Endangered species such as bear gall, tiger bones, rhinoceros hornstype were found in the lots. Controlled drug shuch as poppy fruits shell, and dangerous items shuch as rust nails and coins were also found. However, no poisonous drugs and endangered species were found in the free herbal books provided by these temples. The content of the medical divinatory lots will be surveyed and the poisonous ingredients and endangered species such as tiger bones in those medical divinatory lots will be identified. A recommendation will be made to the Committee of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Health which will be helpful in the policy decision to eliminate incidence caused by medical divinatory lots.
  168. Lee, M.M., Huang, H.M., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, C.S., Yeh, F., & Kuo, J. (2000). Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of magnolol in chemical hypoxia in rat cultured cortical cells in hypoglycemic media. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 43(2), 61–68. [Ref NCL] [Ref PubMed] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Our previous studies demonstrated that magnolol protects neurons against chemical hypoxia by KCN in cortical neuron-astrocyte mixed cultures (14). In the present study, we examined whether the neuroprotective effect of magnolol involve modulating inflammatory mediators, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO), induced by KCN (hypoxia) or KCN plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In glucose-absent (hypoglycemia) media, KCN or KCN plus LPS induced increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity by 32% and 34%, and PGE2 production by 12% and 32%, respectively. Both LDH and PGE2 increases were suppressed by 100 microM magnolol. In addition, although KCN or LPS alone did not increase NO generation, KCN plus LPS increased NO generation. This increase was reduced by 100 microM magnolol or 10 microM L-NAME, but the LDH increase and PGE2 production were not reduced by L-NAME. These findings suggest that the protective effects of magnolol against brain damage by KCN or KCN plus LPS in hypoglycemic media may involve inhibition of PGE2 production, but inhibition of NO generation may not be important.
  169. 黃順爵、游振鋆、張永勳、謝明村 (2000)。天麻(Gastrodia elata BL.)之化學成分及活性之研究。中國醫藥科學雜誌，1:2 2000.06 [民 89.06]，71-76。[Ref NCL]
  170. Huang S.C., You J.Y., Chang Y.S., & Hsieh M.T. (2000). Pharmacognostic identification of Gastrodia elata Blume and quantitative analysis of Tianma containing Chinese Medical Prescriptions. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences 1(3)： 199-210
    黃順爵、游振鋆、張永勳、謝明村 (2000)。天麻(Gastrodia elata Blume)市售品鑑定與含天麻中藥方劑含量測定。中國醫藥科學雜誌，1:3 2000.09 [民 89.09]，199-210。[Ref NCL]
  171. 謝明村 (2000)。大學通識教育之理論與實際。通識教育年刊. 中國醫藥學院，2 2000.10 [民 89.10]，1-10。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 「通識教育」一詞有謂之為「通才教育」、「博雅教育」或「全人教育」，意涵廣博，難免陳義過高，而難以達成目標。通識教育的理想，最好是於「平凡」中見其「高尚」，強調其可行性及親和性，而施以「有教無類」之普及化、平民化之教育，卻有「人人皆可為堯舜」之高尚理想。
    • 民國七十三年教育部頒佈「大學通識教育選修科目實施要點」之後，過幾年國內各大學院校逐一設立「通識教育中心」來規劃與推動通識教育，但由於長期以來重視「智育」之教育根深蒂固，通識教育一時難有進展，考其主客觀因素諸如:學生的心態、師資的問題及社會功利氣氛之彌漫等等，均足以阻礙通識教育之實施。
    • 本校於民國七十三年即已開設通識教育課程，於八十六年開始正式成立「通識教育中心」，訂定通識教育中心組織章程，推動通識教育，首先把共同科目通識化，將通識課程分為三大領域：（一）人文藝術領域、（二）社會科學領域、（三）自然與應用科學領域等，廣設各種課程，最近又開設勞作服務課程，力求通識課程之多元化，而師資之強化與提升更是中心努力的目標。
    • 通識教育欲發展其功能與成效，最重要需有正確的領導，而各方面條件之配合、各系之支援、全體師生之共識，均為不可或缺之因素。
  172. Huang, C., Hsieh, M., Hsieh, W., Sagare, A., & Tsay, H. (2000). In vitro propagation of Limonium wrightii (Hance) Ktze.(Plumbaginaceae), an ethnomedicinal plant, from shoot-tip, leaf-and inflorescence-node explants. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant, 36, 220–224. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Rapid in vitro propagation of Limonium wrightii (Hance) Ktze. (Plumbaginaceae), an endangered medicinal plant, was achieved by culturing the shoot-tip (primary and lateral), leaf- and influorescence-node explants. MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with 8.87 μMN6-benyladenine (BA) and 1.07 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) supported induction of adventitious shoots from the shoot-tip, inflorescence-node and middle and basal parts of leaf explants after 60 d of culture. Adventitious shoots were multiplied by subculturing on MS medium supplemented with BA (2,21–17.75 μM) in combination with NAA (1.07 μM). The percentage of explants forming shoots and the average number of adventitious shoot buds produced per explant were stimulated by increasing the strength (1/4x, 1/2x, 1x, 2x) of the MS medium. Shoots were rooted on MS basal medium with 4.92 μM indole-3-butyric acid. Plantlets with a morphologically normal appearance produced from adventitious shoots were transferred to soil and acclimated in the growth chamber for 1 mo.
  173. Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., Wu, C.R., & Wang, W.H. (2000). The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Phytotherapy Research, 14(5), 375–377. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Ameliorating effects were investigated of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs administered orally for 1 week—Panax ginseng (PG), Panax notoginseng (PNG), Dioscorea opposita (DO), Gastrodia elata (GE), Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), Acorus gramineus (AG), Coptis chinensis (CC), Polygonum multiflorum (PM), Cyperus rotundus (CR) and Psoralea corylifolia (PC)—on the scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesia by using a passive avoidance task in rats. Of ten Chinese herbs, only PG, PNG, GE and CC prolonged the SCOP-shortened STL. These results revealed that PG, PNG GE and CC administered orally for 1 week improved the SCOP-induced learning and memory deficit in rats.
  174. Hsieh, M.T., Lin, Y.T., Lin, Y.C., & Wu, C.R. (2000). Radix Angelica Sinensis extracts ameliorate scopolamine-and cycloheximide-induced amnesia, but not p-chloroamphetamine-induced amnesia in rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 28(02), 263–272. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The effects if the methanolic extract of Radix Angelica Sinensis (Umbellifera) (abbreviated as RAS extract) and n-hexane fraction of RAS extract (RASH fraction) on the various drugs-induced amnesia in rats were studied by using passive avoidance task. RAS extract (1 g/kg) significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by SCOP and CXM, but not PCA. Furthermore, RASH fraction (1 g/kg) also significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by SCOP and CXM but not PCA. RAS extract at any dose alone did not influence the step-through latency in the training trial produced by non-shocked rats, but it plus PCA prolonged the latency compared with PCA alone. However, RASH fraction (1 g/kg) prolonged the latency in the training trial produced by non-shocked rats, but it plus any induced drugs did not differ from any induced drugs alone. These results suggest that the attenuating effects of RAS extract on the various drugs-induced amnesia were related to the memory processes, n-Hexane fraction of RAS extract might be one of the active fractions of RAS extract in the treatment of amnesia.
  175. Peng, W.H., Hsieh, M.T., Lee, Y.S., Lin, Y.C., & Liao, J. (2000). Anxiolytic effect of seed of Ziziphus jujuba in mouse models of anxiety. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(3), 435–441. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The aim of the present study was to investigate the ethanolic extract of Semen Ziziphi jujuba (SZJE) induced anxiolytic effect. The SZJE was orally administered to male ICR mice, at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg, 30 min before the behavioral evaluation in the black and white test (BWT) and elevated plus maze (EPM). The SZJE at the dosage 0.5–2.0 g/kg increased the first time entry, total changes and times spent in the white chamber of the BWT. The SZJE at the dosage 0.5–1.0 g/kg increased the percentage of time-spent and the percentage of arm entries in the open arms of the EPM and decreased the percentage of time-spent and the percentage of arm entries in the closed arms of the EPM. Furthermore, the SZJE at the dosage of 1.0 g/kg prolonged the hexobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice and decreased the locomotor activity in rats. These results suggested that SZJE possessed anxiolytic effect at lower dose and sedative effect at higher dose.
  176. Liu S.L., Hsieh M.T., & Liu C.H. (2000). Plasma scopoletin levels after a single dose oral administration in rabbits. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 52: 203-210. [Ref NCL]
  177. Su C.C., Kiyokawa M., Liao J., Kao C.W., Hsieh M.T., Chung, J.G., & Hung C.F. (2000). Effect of lomustine on N-acetyltransferase activity in rat glioma in vitro cultured cells. Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 7: 9-14. [Ref NCL]
  178. Huang, R.L., Chen, C.C., Huang, H.L., Chang, C.G., Chen, C.F., Chang, C., & Hsieh, M.T. (2000). Anti-hepatitis B virus effects of wogonin isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis. Planta Medica, 66(08), 694–698. [Ref]
    Abstract
    By using an HBV-producing cell line (MS-G2) in vitro culture system, we found that wogonin isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis can suppress HBV surface antigen production (P < 0.001) without evidence of cytotoxicity. By assaying the endogenous HBV DNA polymerase activity, we found that both the relaxed circular and the linear forms of HBV DNA are significantly reduced in the wogonin-treated group. Wogonin deserves to be further evaluated for the treatment of human HBV infection.
  179. 彭文煌、謝明村、陳瓊芳、闕甫伃 (2001)。黃連對囓齒類動物抗焦慮作用之研究。中國醫藥科學雜誌，2:1 2001.03 [民 90.03]，1-9。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究以明暗室及舉臂式十字形迷宮誘發動物焦慮模式，探討黃連粗抽物之抗焦慮作用，結果顯示，又服黃連甲醇粗抽物（0.1, 0.5 g/kg）可延長小鼠在明暗室之明室滯留時間及減少暗室之滯留時間並增加兩室間的穿梭次數；且可增加小鼠在舉臂式十字形迷宮之開放臂的滯留時間及進入次數，並減少在封閉臂之滯留時間及進入次數。又服黃連甲醇粗抽物（0.5g/kg）會延長 hexobarbital 誘發之睡眠時間及降低大鼠運動量。
    • 綜合以上結果，顯示黃連 0.1 g/kg 不論明暗室或舉臂式十字形迷宮誘發小鼠焦慮模式中均具明顯之抗焦慮作用。
    Peng W.H., Hsieh M.T., Chen C.F., & Chueh F.Y. (2001). Studies on the anxiolytic effect of Coptis Rhizome in rodents. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 2(1), 1-10.
    Abstract
    The aim of the present study was to investigate the anxiolytic effects of the methanol extract of Coptis rhizome (CRMeOH) using the light and dark test and the elevated plus-maze test. During the light and dark test, CRMeOH (0.1 and 0.5 g/kg, p.o.) increased the time spent in the dark compartment and total changes between the two compartments, and decreased the time spent in the light compartment. CRMeOH (0.1 and 0.5 g/kg, p.o.) increased the arm entries and the time spent on the open arms, and decreased the arm entries and the time spent on the closed arms during the elevated plus-maze test. However, CRMeOH (0.5 g/kg, p.o.) decreased the horizontal activities and prolonged the hexobarbital-induced sleeping times. From these results, CRMeOH at 0.1g/kg had anxiolytic effects in rodents during the light and dark test and the elevated plus-maze test.
  180. Lin, M.T., Chueh, F.Y., & Hsieh, M.T. (2001). The hypothermic effects of dl-tetrahydropalmatine in rats. Neuroscience Letters, 315(1-2), 53–56. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Systemic administration of dl-tetrahydropalmatine (THP; 10–50 mg.kg−1 intraperitoneally) produced a proportional decrease in both colonic temperature and release of hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) in rats at room temperature. The hypothermia was brought about by cutaneous vasodilation and decreased metabolism. The THP- induced hypothermia was significantly attenuated in rats with brain 5-HT depletion produced by control injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine or in rats with 5-HT2A receptor activation produced by 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl) -2-aminopropane, or in rats with 5-HT1A receptor antagonist produced by (−)-pindolol. The results suggest involvement of serotoninergic antagonism in the THP-induced hypothermia in rats.
  181. Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Lin, L.W., Hsieh, C.C., & Tsai, C.H. (2001). Reversal caused by n-butylidenephthalide from the deficits of inhibitory avoidance performance in rats. Planta Medica, 67(01), 38–42. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The present study was designed to investigate the mechanism of action of n-butylidenephthalide on the deficits of inhibitory avoidance performance induced by drugs in rats with piracetam as a positive control. n-Butylidenephthalide attenuated the scopolamine-induced and mecamylamine-induced acquisition impairment, and also attenuated the acquisition impairment induced by scopolamine plus mecamylamine. Furthermore, scopolamine methylbromide, a peripheral cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist, did not block the counteracting effect of n-butylidenephthalide on the scopolamine-induced acquisition impairment. n-Butylidenephthalide attenuated the impairment of inhibitory avoidance performance induced by the central acetylcholinergic neurotoxin AF64A administered intracisternally. From the above results, we suggest that n-butylidenephthalide attenuated the deficits of inhibitory avoidance performance induced by drugs, which are the effects related to activating the central but not the peripheral cholinergic neuronal system via muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
  182. Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Wang, W.H., & Lin, L.W. (2001). The ameliorating effect of the water layer of fructusschisandrae on cycloheximide-induced amnesia in rats: interaction with drugs acting at neurotransmitter receptors. Pharmacological Research, 43(1), 17–22. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Our previous study indicated that the water layer present in Fructus Schisandra (FSw) at 10 and 25 mg kg−1 significantly counteracted cycloheximide (CXM)-induced amnesia. Therefore, the mechanism of action of the ameliorating effect of FSw on CXM-induced amnesia in the passive avoidance task was investigated in rats. The ameliorating effect of FSw on CXM-induced amnesia was depressed by scopolamine. The serotonin releaser, p-chloroamphetamine significantly antagonized the ameliorating effect of FSw on CXM-induced amnesia. Furthermore, the ameliorating effect was also inhibited by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT, but potentiated by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin. Finally, the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline blocked the ameliorating effect of FSw. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of FSw on CXM-induced amnesia is amplified by treatment with serotonergic 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, but reduced by serotonergic 5-HT1A receptor agonists as well as GABAA and cholinergic receptor antagonists.
  183. 謝明村、吳啟瑞、鄭頌仁、林立偉、蔡汎修 (2001)。長期餵食六味地黃丸對大鼠被動迴避學習反應之影響。臺灣中醫醫學雜誌，1:1 2001.09 [民 90.09]，5-18。
    Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Cheng, S.J., Lin, L.W., & Tsai, F.H. (2001). Effects of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan after long-term consecutive treatment on inhibitory avoidance response in rodents. Taiwan Journal of Chinese Medicine 1: 5-19. [Ref NCL]
  184. 謝明村 (2001)。補益劑對高血糖鼠學習記憶能力之影響及機制探討。中醫藥年報，19:2 2001.10 [民 90.10]，243-277。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 補益類方劑連續又服兩週後，均具增強大鼠於被動迴避反應及主動迴避學習反應之操作能力；惟六味地黃丸、補中益氣湯及天王補心丹效果較佳。其次，靜脈注射 streptozotocin 後三週，可增加大鼠之進食量、飲水量及排泄量，並使體重變輕、血糖升高；並可誘發主動迴避反應之迴避次數減少及逃避次數增加。當補益類方劑於 streptozotocin 誘發糖尿病前連續又服兩週後或於 streptozotocin 誘發糖尿病一週後連續又服兩週後，均可增加糖尿病鼠於主動迴避反應之迴避次數減少及逃避次數；其中以六味地黃丸及補中益氣湯之效果較佳。顯示六味地黃丸及補中益氣湯具防治 streptozotocin 誘發糖尿病大鼠於主動迴避反應操作能力障礙之作用。
    • 在又服葡萄糖耐受性試驗及學習前後血糖變化測定中，補益類方劑連續又服兩週後，對正常大鼠及 streptozotocin 誘發糖尿病大鼠，以六味地黃丸之降血糖及增加 insulin 分泌效果最佳；在學習前後，六味地黃丸及知柏地黃丸於 0.5 g/kg 連續又服兩週後，可降低正常大鼠之血糖濃度，但明顯增加訓練後之血糖濃度。而補中益氣湯於 0.5 g/kg 連續又服兩週後，則可增加大鼠之血糖濃度及訓練後之血糖濃度。
    • 綜合上述結果，六味地黃丸及知柏地黃丸可增強正常大鼠之學習操作能力及改善 streptozotocin 誘發糖尿病大鼠之學習操作能力障礙，此作用於降低血糖濃度；增加學習過程之血糖使用有關。而補中益氣湯等增強正常大鼠之學習操作能力，則部分與增加學習過程之血糖使用有關。
    Hsieh, M.T. (2001). Studies on the action mechanism of the ameli orating effects of Pu-I prescriptions on memory dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetics mellitus rats. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 19(2), 243-277.
    Abstract
    • "Pu-I prescriptions" after two-week administration facilitated the passive avoidance and active avoidance performance. Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan, Pu-Chung-I-Chi-Tang, and Tien-Wang-Pu-Hsin-Dang were better than the others. Three weeks after intravenous administration of streptozotocin, it decreased total escape scores and enhanced total avoidance scores in the active avoidance response. Pu-I prescriptions, administered two weeks before or one week after intravenous administration of streptozotocin, enhanced total escape scores and decreased total avoidance scores in the active avoidance response. Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan and Pu-Chung-I-Chi-Tang were better than the others.
    • Pu-I prescriptions, especially Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan, decreased the plasma glucose levels and increased the insulin levels in the oral glucose tolerance test. Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan also decreased the plasma glucose levels of the normal and streptozotocin-induced MD rats and increased the plasma glucose levels after the training trial. However, Pu-Chung-I-Chi-Tang increased the plasma glucose levels of normal rats and the plasma glucose levels after the training trial.
    • From these above data, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan and Pu-Chung-I-Chi-Tang facilitated the passive and active avoidance performance in normal rats and prevented the performance impairment in streptozotocin-induced MD rats. The action mechanism of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan and Pu-Chung-I-Chi-Tang were partially related to increased insulin secretion and promoting the glucose utility.
  185. 林穎志、謝明村、李宜璇、鄭皓元、彭文煌 (2001)。酸棗仁湯抗焦慮及鎮靜作用之研究。中國醫藥科學雜誌，2:4 2001.12 [民 90.12]，239-246。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究以黑白室及舉臂式十字形迷宮誘發焦慮模式來探討酸棗仁湯乙醇抽取物之抗焦慮作用，並以 hexobarbital 誘發睡眠及測定大鼠自發運動量來探討酸棗仁湯乙醇抽取物之鎭靜作用，結果顯示於黑白室中，酸棗仁湯乙醇抽取物可明顯增加小鼠在明室的時間，第一次由明室至暗室之時間，兩室間的穿梭次數，並縮短小鼠在暗室的時間;於舉臂式十字形迷宮中，酸棗仁湯乙醇抽取物可明顯增加停留在開放臂的時間百分率及進入次數百分比並縮短停留在封閉臂的時間百分率及進入次數百分比，酸棗仁湯乙醇抽取物（1.0 g/kg）可延長小鼠 hexobarbital 誘發的睡眠時間並減少大鼠的自發運動量。綜合以上結果顯示酸棗仁湯乙醇抽取物於較低劑量（0.5 g/kg）具有抗焦慮作用，較高劑量（1.0 g/kg）則具有鎮靜作用。
    Lin, Y.C., Hsieh, M.T., Lee, Y.H., Cheng, H.Y., & Peng, W.H. (2001). Studies on the Anxiolytic and Sedative effects of Suan Zao Ren Tang in Rats. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 2(4), 239-246.
    Abstract
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiolytic effects of the alcoholic extract of Suan Zao Ren Tang (SZTA) in rats using the black and white test and the elevated plus-maze test. During the black and dark white, SZTA increased the time spent in the light compartment, the first time entries and total changes between the two compartments, and decreased the time spent in the dark compartment. SZTA increased the percentage of arm entries and the percentage of time spent on the open arms, and decreased the percentage of arm entries and the percentage of time spent on the closed arms during the elevated plus-maze test. However, SZTA (1.0 g/kg) decreased the locomotor activities and prolonged the hexobarbital-induced sleeping times. From these results, SZTA had anxiolytic effects at a lower dose (0.5 g/kg) and sedative effects at a higher dose (1.0 g/kg).
  186. 游春淑、游富順、闕甫伃、吳啟瑞、鍾景光、葉豐次、謝明村 (2001)。蜂王漿解熱抗菌及改善學習獲得障礙之研究。中國醫藥科學雜誌，2:4 2001.12 [民 90.12]，247-254。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 蜂王漿（Royal Jelly）為中醫常用於滋補、強壯、盒肝治病後虛弱、風濕性關節炎等之藥品；國外也常用於抗菌以及對內分泌系統、造血系統等的改善。然有關蜂王漿解熱、抗菌與改善學習記憶能力藥理活性研究報告表極少，因此，本研究針對蜂王漿對室溫下正常或致熱原誘發發燒清醒大鼠之降溫及解熱作用，對於細菌之抑制作用及藥物誘發學習獲得障礙作用進行初步評估。
    • 實驗結果顯示，蜂王漿水溶液（0.1~1 mg/kg）對致熱原 interleuckin-1β（IL-1β）誘發之發燒現象，具有劑量依存性之解熱作用，且在有效劑量對正常大鼠之體溫並不影響。蜂王漿水溶液對於革蘭氏陰性細菌 G（-）生長具抑制作用。另外，腹腔給予蜂王漿水溶液（1~30 mg/kg）對藥物誘發之大鼠學習獲得障礙作用具有改善作用。綜上述研究結果可知蜂王漿確具有解熱、抗菌及改善學習獲得障礙之作用。
    Yu, C.S., Yu, F.S., Chuen, F.Y., Wu, C.R., Chung, J.G., Yeh, F.T., & Hsieh, M.T. (2001). Studies on the antipyretic, antibacterial and attenuating effects of Royal Jelly. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 2(4), 247-254.
    Abstract
    Royal jelly is commonly used by Traditional Chinese medical doctors to nourish and strengthen the bodies of patients with weaknesses due to convalescence, rheumarthritis, etc. Royal jelly has also been used for its antibacterial properties and improvements on the endocrine and hemopoiesis systems. Royal jelly has been used in many countries. However, we found very few pharmacological research reports published on the functions of fever-relief, antibacterial and memory enhancing capabilities. Therefore, our research focused on the initial evaluation of the heat-causing factor that induce fevers, temperature lowering and fever-relieving functions, bacteria restraining function, and medical induction on learning-barrier attenuating effects. Our results showed the royal jelly (0.1-1 mg/kg) had dose-dependent antipyresis functions on fever-causing factor interleukin-1β(IL-1β) that induces the fever phenomenon. However, we found that the effective dosage of royal jelly had no effects on the body temperature of healthy rats. Royal jelly also has restraining functions on Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria growth. In addition, after administering royal jelly (0.1-1 mg/kg) into the abdominal cavities of rats for 1 week, the medicine the induced the attenuating effects in learning in rats showed dosage interdependent improvement functions. Based on our results, it is acknowledged that royal jelly had fever reducing, antibacterial and attenuating effects.
  187. 魏俊德、謝明村、劉正雄 (2001)。甘草酸對芍藥苷藥物動力學之影響。中國醫藥科學雜誌，2:4 2001.12 [民 90.12]，255-261。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    芍藥甘草湯為中藥著名方劑，由芍藥與甘草組成。本研究中，探討二藥之指標成分，芍藥苷與甘草酸以單獨成分注射與混合注射於家兔後的藥物動力學。實驗採隨機交叉試驗設計，6 隻家兔分別接受芍藥苷或甘草酸單次劑量（25 mg/kg）或二成分之混合注射（各 25 mg/kg），間隔 1 週之交叉給藥。血中濃度分析探 HPIC 定量法。研究結果顯示，家兔接受二成分混合注射後，芍藥苷的曲線下面積（AUC）明顯的比單獨注射時小（37.29 ± 2.58 對 28.97 ± 5.59 μg·hr/mL）；排除半衰期（0.87 ± 0.10 對 0.64 ± 0.27 hr）及平均滯留時間（1.15 ± 0.18 對 0.90 ± 0.08 hr）均縮短；清除率明顯的增加（1.28 ± 0.14 對 1.78 ± 0.29 L/hr）。顯示甘草酸有加速芍藥苷從體內排除之現象。
    Wei, C.T., Hsieh, M.T., & Liu, C.H. (2001). Possible influences of glycyrrhizinic acid on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in rabbits. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 2(4), 255-262.
    Abstract
    The pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizinic acid in rabbits after a single intravenous dose (25 mg/kg) or coadministration of both drugs were studied. We used a randomized cross-over study. All blood samples were assayed using the HPLC method. When paeoniflorin was combined with glycyrrhizinic acid, the area under the plasma concentration curve of paeoniflorin decreased (37.29 ± 2.58 vs. 28.97 ± 5.59 µg·hr/mL). Terminal half-life (0.87 ± 0.10 vs. 0.64 ± 0.27 hr) and mean residence time (1.15 ± 0.18 vs. 0.90 ± 0.08 hr) were shorter. The clearance (1.28 ± 0.14 vs. 1.78 ± 0.29 L/hr) increased significantly. However, the levels for glycyrrhizinic acid administered alone did not change. Our results suggest that there was a pharmacokinetic interaction between paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizinic acid.
  188. 胡景銘、謝文全、謝明村、彭文煌 (2002)。硃砂水飛炮製品之重金屬含量變化研究。中國醫藥科學雜誌，3:1 2002.03 [民 91.03]，29-42。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究首先以原子吸光儀測定硃砂天然礦石:鏡面砂（MC）、玉米品級硃砂（CC）、黃豆級硃砂（SC）、綠豆品級硃砂（GC）及合成硃砂:辰砂之鉛、銅、鎘、鋅、砷、硒、有機汞、無機汞、硫化汞及結合態之汞含量，將重金屬含量最低的硃砂，分別經球磨法、高速粉碎法及人工研磨法等三種水飛炮製，再以原子吸光儀測定不同水飛炮製硃砂之鉛、銅、鎘、鋅、砷、硒、有機汞、硫化汞結合態之汞，其他無機汞及總汞含量，以探討不同炮製方法對硃砂重金屬含量之影響。結果顯示，天然硃砂礦以黃豆品級的硃砂所含之鉛、銅、鎘、鋅、砷、硒含量最低，將黃豆品級硃砂分別以球磨法、高速粉碎法及人工研磨法等三種水飛炮製，就其鉛、銅、鎘、鋅、砷、硒等六種重金屬含量而言，其水飛前後並無顯著減少，硫化汞結合態之汞含量並未因水飛炮而有顯著提高之趨勢，其有機汞、無機汞均未檢出，純汞量之分佈範圍 95.3%-99.9%。綜合以上結果顯示，天然黃豆品級硃砂之重金屬含量最低，水飛前後之重金屬含量無顯著改變，黃豆品級硃砂較適宜用於中醫臨床使用。
    Hu, C.M., Hsieh, W.C., Hsieh, M.T., Peng, & W.H. (2002). Changes of Heavy Metal Contents of Different Preparations of Cinnabar. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 3(1), 29-42.
    Abstract
    In this study, we detected the contents of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, As, and Se in four different types of morphology of natural Cinnabar (Mirror Cinnabar (MC)), Corn Cinnabar(CC), Soybean Cinnabar(SC), Gram Cinnabar(GC) using AA. The lowest amounts of heavy metals is the SC. Therefore, We detected the contents of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, As, and Se in different preparations of SC using AA. SC had the lowest contents of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, As, and Se. The contents of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, As and Se in the different preparations of SC had no significant differences. The amount of Hg conjugated with HgS was not elevated in the different preparations of SC. Neither organic nor inorganic Hg was detected. The distribution level of pure Hg in the different preparations of SC ranged from 95.3% to 99.9%. These results suggest that SC contained the lowest amount of heavy metals. The amount of heavy metals in the water suspension of SC was not different from the other forms of SC. Thus, SC may be the best specimen for clinical use in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
  189. 胡景銘、謝文全、謝明村、彭文煌 (2002)。丹砂之本草考察及其急性毒性試驗研究。中國醫藥科學雜誌，3:2 2002.06 [民 91.06]，119-132。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究首先探討丹砂之本草考察，依考察所得結論，丹砂性寒涼、無毒、小兒亦可服食；火煉殺人。因此本研究再以黃豆品級原礦丹砂、水飛後之丹砂與硫化汞作比較，分別進行大鼠與小鼠又服急性毒性試驗，觀察又服給予十四天後每隻動物之死亡情形，急性毒性徵狀與體重變化，並於十四天後解剖檢視內臟之外觀與受毒害情形，依 LD50 判定其毒性之程度。
    • 結果顯示：黃豆品級原礦丹砂、水飛丹砂、硫化汞之三種檢體，其又服 LD50 均超過 15g/kg，而且試驗過程中不但未出現毒性之徵狀，實驗動物也並未發現肝臟、腎臟、脾臟、肺臟及心臟等內臟有任何傷害與病灶，因此應可將原礦丹砂及水飛丹砂列為無急性毒性（non-acute toxicity）中藥。
    Hi, C.M., Hsieh, W.C., Hsieh, M.T., & Peng, W.H. (2002). Pentsaonology and Acute Toxicity of Different Preparations of Cinnabar. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 3(2), 119-132.
    Abstract
    We investigated the pentsaonology of raw Cinnabar. We found that it was cold and cool in nature, not toxic, and it could be administered to babies. However, the fried preparations of Cinnabar were toxic. Therefore, we detected LD50 and toxic syndromes of the rats and mice after oral administration of Cinnabar, which included water preparations of Cinnabar and HgS. Oral LD50 of Cinnabar, the water preparation of Cinnabar and HgS included doses of more than 15 g/kg. The rats and mice after oral administration of HgS, Cinnabar and the water preparation of Cinnabar did not show any toxic syndromes in the liver, kidney, lung and heart. Therefore, raw Cinnabar and the water suspension of Cinnabar should belong to the category of non-acute toxic drugs.
  190. 謝明村、林立偉 (2002)。中醫藥與基因。臺灣中醫醫學雜誌，1:3 2002.09 [民 91.09]，5-10。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 基因是決定生物遺傳性狀的單位，亦是製造蛋白質訊息產生生理作用的基礎，而近年來基因醫學資訊科技之快速發展與應用，改變對疾病之基本認識，因而增加對疾病原因之機轉瞭解，提高疾病之治癒率，所以基因導向醫學漸成為 21 世紀醫學之新主流。
    • 中醫藥之未來趨勢，首先要建立中醫藥量化，同時應符合中醫藥基礎理論，中醫的「證型」與中藥之「五味」、「四氣」、「七情」、「歸經」等，利用生物科技的基礎，從分子基因上，研究中醫藥對基因表現之調控，建立中醫藥的微觀表述，使中醫藥現代化；故以目前的生物科技趨勢，藉由基因相關技術來使中醫藥成為世界上一流的生命科學，迎頭趕上基因醫學的時代，為必要且刻不容緩的事。
    Hsieh, M.T., & Lin, L.W. (2002). Chinese Medicine and Gene. Taiwan Journal of Chinese Medicine, 1(3), 5-10.
    Abstract
    • A gene is the fundamental unit of genetic traits, responsible for protein production and initiating physiological responses. Recent advances in gene technology have shifted the understanding of diseases, focusing on the mechanisms that cause them. Consequently, gene-targeted medicine is gradually becoming the leading approach in twenty-first-century healthcare.
    • In the future, quantitative methods in Chinese medicine are expected to strengthen its foundational theories. Applying biotechnology to study gene expression in various syndromes and examining characteristics such as the five directions, four properties, seven emotional modes, and meridian distribution could establish a molecular basis for this field, contributing to its modernization.
    (rewritten 2024-11-04)
  191. 劉淑鈴、林立偉、劉正雄、謝明村 (2002)。東莨菪素對兔血小板聚集性抑制之研究。中國醫藥科學雜誌，3:4 2002.12 [民 91.12]，289-298。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    東莨菪素經由家兔靜脈注射（2, 10, 50 mg/kg, i.v.）或又服（50, 100, 250 mg/kg, p.o.）後，使用比濁法，分析對 ADP、AA、collagen 誘導的血小板聚集抑制效果，結果東莨菪素在靜脈注射與又服後，其抑制血小板聚集作用均呈現良好曲線變化，靜脈注射 5 分鍾後之抑制作用最強，又服則以 30 分鐘後對血小板聚集之抑制作用最強，且東莨菪素在一定濃度範圍內對血小板聚集抑制效果呈現劑量依賴關係，即血中濃度愈高，聚集抑制效果感佳。靜脈注射東莨菪素後對 ADP、AA、collagen 血小板聚集最大抑制率平均值分別為 47.8，50.7，55.5 %；而又服東莨菪素對三種誘導劑最大抑制率平均值分別爲 41.3，48.8，47.5 %。本研究獲致結論爲東莨菪素經由家免靜脈、又服給藥後，抽血進行體外分析，對 ADP、AA、collagen 誘導之血小板聚集有抑制效果，抑制大小分別與其血中藥物濃度、作用時間有關，且東莨菪素具有抑制血小板聚集的功能機轉與 ADP、AA、collagen 有關。
    Liu, S.L., Lin, L.W., Liu, C.H., & Hsieh, M.T. (2002). Inhibitory Effects of Scopoletin on Rabbit Platelet Aggregation. Journal of Chinese Medical Sciences, 3(4), 289-298.
    Abstract
    Scopoletin has been described as having platelet aggregation inhibitory effects on rabbits. The platelet aggregation inhibitory effects of scopoletin were proved on rabbits in vitro using the turbidimetric method. In our laboratory, the inhibitory effects were compared with a control group on rabbit platelet aggregation induced by ADP, AA and collagen after intravenous or oral scopoletin were tested. After injection of scopoletin (2, 10 or 50 mg/kg, i.v.) at 5 minutes, the most potent inhibitory effects on rabbit platelet aggregation were exhibited. The mean values for i.v. of the max anti-platelet aggregation were 47.8 %, 50.7 % and 55.5 % for ADP, AA and collagen as platelet aggregation inducers, respectively. After administration of scopoletin (50, 100 or 250 mg/kg, p.o.) at 30 minutes, the most potent inhibitory effect on rabbit platelet aggregation was exhibited. The mean values for p.o. of the max anti-platelet aggregation were 41.3 %, 48.8 % and 47.5 % for ADP, AA and collagen as platelet aggregation inducers, respectively. In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of scopoletin on rabbit platelet aggregation were similar for both intravenous and oral administration. The effects of concentration on intravenous and effects of time on oral after scopoletin administration were observed on the rabbits. The degree of inhibitory effects was related to plasma concentration but not geometric progression. The mechanism of platelet aggregation effects of scopoletin was related to ADP, AA and collagen.
  192. Yang, S.E., Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, T.H., & Hsu, S.L. (2002). Down-modulation of Bcl-XL, release of cytochrome c and sequential activation of caspases during honokiol-induced apoptosis in human squamous lung cancer CH27 cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 63(9), 1641–1651. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Honokiol is a phenolic compound purified from Magnolia officinalis, which induced the apoptotic cell death in several types of human cancer cells. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of honokiol-mediated apoptotic process was examined in human squamous lung cancer CH27 cells. Here, we found that honokiol-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by upregulation of Bad and downregulation of Bcl-XL, while honokiol had no effect on the levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-XS, Bag-1, Bax and Bak proteins. Moreover, honokiol treatment caused the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol and sequential activation of caspases. Proteolytic activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP, an in vivo substrate for caspase-3, were observed in honokiol-treated CH27 cells. Furthermore, treatment with caspase inhibitors z-DEVD-fmk and z-VAD-fmk markedly blocked honokiol-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrated that modulation of Bcl-XL and Bad proteins, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3, participated in honokiol-triggered apoptotic process in human squamous lung cancer CH27 cells.
  193. Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, F.H., Lin, Y.C., Wang, W.H., & Wu, C.R. (2002). Effects of ferulic acid on the impairment of inhibitory avoidance performance in rats. Planta Medica, 68(08), 754–756. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Ferulic acid (50 and 100 mg/kg) reversed the step-through latency shortened by scopolamine and cycloheximide but not by p-chloroamphetamine in an inhibitory avoidance performance. Piracetam and tacrine might reverse the step-through latency shortened by the above drugs. However, ferulic acid, piracetam or tacrine alone at any used dose did not influence motor activity produced by non-shock rats. Furthermore, the cerebral blood flow of rats treated with ferulic acid, piracetam or tacrine was enhanced. From these results, we suggest that the potency of ferulic acid was better than that of piracetam, but its action mechanism was somewhat different from that of piracetam and tacrine. Thus, the attenuating effects of ferulic acid on the avoidance performance impairment were related to memory processes, and might be enhancing the cholinergic activities and cerebral blood circle.
  194. Lin, L.W., Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, F.H., Wang, W.H., & Wu, C.R. (2002). Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity caused by Cistanche deserticola in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 83(3), 177–182. [Ref]
    Abstract
    In the present study, the rhizomes of Cistanche deserticola (Orobanchaceae, abbreviated as CD) were extracted with 50% ethanol and isolated orderly by ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of CD extract and three layers were evaluated in several animal models. CD extracts effectively inhibited writhing response induced by 1% acetic acid and biphasic licking responses caused by 1% formalin, and also reduced the edema induced by 1% carrageenan but not zymosan. Furthermore, the butanolic and aqueous layers of CD extract not only reduced the pain induced by acetic acid and formalin, but also decreased the edema that induced by carrageenan. Effects of the butanolic layer of CD extract are better than that of the aqueous layer. In addition, the effect of the butanolic layer of CD extract was not abolished by naloxone. These results revealed that CD has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, and the butanolic and aqueous layers are mainly active constituents. Furthermore, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the butanolic layer of CD extract were not related to opioid receptors and immune system.
  195. Hsieh, M.T., Kuo, L.H., Tsai, F.H., Wang, W.H., & Wu, C.R. (2002). Effects of puerarin on scopolamine-, mecamylamine-, p-chloroamphetamine-and dizocilpine-induced inhibitory avoidance performance impairment in rats. Planta Medica, 68(10), 901–905. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Puerarin at 10 - 50 mg/kg attenuated the mecamylamine- but not scopolamine-induced acquisition impairment of inhibitory avoidance performance in an inverse U-shape manner. p-chloroamphetamine- and dizocilpine-induced acquisition impairment were reversed by puerarin at 25 - 50 mg/kg. Both piracetam, and tacrine attenuated impairment of inhibitory avoidance performance induced by all used drugs. Furthermore, puerarin, piracetam and tacrine alone did not alter step-through latency in the training trail but puerarin at 50 mg/kg and tacrine plus mecamylamine prolonged it in comparison with mecamylamine alone. From these results, we suggest that puerarin attenuated the deficits of inhibitory avoidance performance induced by mecamylamine, p-chloroamphetamine, and dizocilpine, the effects were related to increasing cholinergic activity via nicotinic but not muscarinic receptors, activating NMDA receptors, and decreasing serotonergic neuronal activity.
  196. Yang, S.E., Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, T.H., & Hsu, S.L. (2003). Effector mechanism of magnolol-induced apoptosis in human lung squamous carcinoma CH27 cells. British Journal of Pharmacology, 138(1), 193–201. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    • Magnolol, an active component isolated from the root and stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, has been reported to exhibit antitumour effects, but little is known about its molecular mechanisms of action.
    • Magnolol inhibited proliferation of human lung squamous carcinoma CH27 cells at low concentrations (10–40 μM), and induced apoptosis at high concentrations (80–100 μM).
    • Treatment with 80 μM magnolol significantly increased the expression of Bad and Bcl-XS proteins, whereas it decreased the expression of Bcl-XL. Overexpression of Bcl-2 protected CH27 cells against magnolol-triggered apoptosis.
    • Magnolol treatment resulted in accumulation of cytosolic cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9 and downstream caspases (caspase-3 and -6). Pretreatment with z-VAD-fmk markedly inhibited magnolol-induced cell death, but did not prevent cytosolic cytochrome c accumulation.
    • Magnolol induced a modest and persistent JNK activation and ERK inactivation in CH27 cells without evident changes in the protein levels. The responsiveness of JNK and ERK to magnolol suggests the involvement of these kinases in the initiation of the apoptosis process.
    • These results indicate that regulation of the Bcl-2 family, accumulation of cytosolic cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 may be the effector mechanisms of magnolol-induced apoptosis.
  197. Hsieh, M.T., Cheng, S.J., Lin, L.W., Wang, W.H., & Wu, C.R. (2003). The ameliorating effects of acute and chronic administration of LiuWei Dihuang Wang on learning performance in rodents. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26(2), 156–161. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The ameliorating effects of LiuWei Dihuang Wang (LDW) after single, one-week or two-week treatment of scopolamine (SCOP)-induced and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA)-induced amnesia by using the passive avoidance task and the facilitatory effects on two-way active avoidance performance in rats were studied. LDW (2 g/kg) after single treatment significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by SCOP and PCA. Then, SCOP- and PCA-induced amnesia was reversed by 1 and 0.1—1 g/kg LDW with one-week consecutive treatment respectively. For two-week consecutive treatment with LDW, the reversal from SCOP- and PCA-induced amnesia required only 0.01 g/kg. However, the rats treated with LDW only at 0.5, but not 0.01—0.1 g/kg, before or after each training session showed an increasing number of avoidances and a decreasing number of escapes on days 2—5 of learning. LDW at any dose alone did not influence the step-through latency in the training trial produced by non-shock rats, the motor activity and pentobarbital-induced hypnosis in rodents. These results suggest that LDW possesses the anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent on the learning models.
  198. Hsieh, M.T., Hsieh, C.L., Lin, L.W., Wu, C.R., & Huang, G. (2003). Differential gene expression of scopolamine-treated rat hippocampus-application of cDNA microarray technology. Life Sciences, 73(8), 1007–1016. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The molecular study of learning and memory has been concentrated at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and their associating signaling molecules. To explore alternative pathways we applied human cDNA microarray and searched for differentially expressed genes in the hippocampus of scopolamine-treated rat. Interspecies hybridization using human cDNA microarray to analyze scopolamine-treated rat hippocampus exhibited a minor difference for the expression profile compared to normal control with standard deviation of 0.08-fold in ratio. Based on differential expression, forty-two genes were selected for further analysis from 9,600 candidate genes on the array. Twenty-eight genes were validated by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primer pairs against rat orthologs. The broad spectrum of the differentially expressed genes indicated an overall cellular response upon scopolamine treatment. In addition to genes associated with muscarinic receptor signaling pathways, we have disclosed genes associated with novel pathways such as apoptosis, cytoskeleton reconstruction, protein trafficking, cell differentiation, and genes without a clear role. Our result should provide an insight into the molecular study of scopolamine-induced memory impairment.
  199. Lin, Y.C., Wu, C.R., Lin, C.J., & Hsieh, M.T. (2003). The ameliorating effects of cognition-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine-and MK-801-induced amnesia in rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 31(04), 543–549. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The study was to investigate the ameliorating effects of three Chinese herbs — Achyranthes bidentata (AB), Ophiopogon japonicus (OJ) and Cnidium monnieri (CM) on scopolamine (SCOP)- and MK-801-induced amnesia by using a passive avoidance task in rats. AB, OJ and CM at 0.1 and 0.3 g/kg prolonged the step-through latency (STL) of the retention trial. In addition, AB, OJ and CM reversed the STL shortened by MK-801, but only AB reversed the STL shortened by SCOP. In conclusion, these Chinese herbs possess cognition-enhancing activities and anti-amnestic effects, but the mechanism of the effect of AB was different from those of OJ and CM.
  200. Hsieh, M.T., Cheng, S.J., Lin, L.W., Wang, W.H., & Wu, C.R. (2003). The ameliorating effects of acute and chronic administration of LiuWei Dihuang Wang on learning performance in rodents. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26(2), 156–161. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The ameliorating effects of LiuWei Dihuang Wang (LDW) after single, one-week or two-week treatment of scopolamine (SCOP)-induced and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA)-induced amnesia by using the passive avoidance task and the facilitatory effects on two-way active avoidance performance in rats were studied. LDW (2 g/kg) after single treatment significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by SCOP and PCA. Then, SCOP- and PCA-induced amnesia was reversed by 1 and 0.1—1 g/kg LDW with one-week consecutive treatment respectively. For two-week consecutive treatment with LDW, the reversal from SCOP- and PCA-induced amnesia required only 0.01 g/kg. However, the rats treated with LDW only at 0.5, but not 0.01—0.1 g/kg, before or after each training session showed an increasing number of avoidances and a decreasing number of escapes on days 2—5 of learning. LDW at any dose alone did not influence the step-through latency in the training trial produced by non-shock rats, the motor activity and pentobarbital-induced hypnosis in rodents. These results suggest that LDW possesses the anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent on the learning models.
  201. Hsieh, C.C., Lin, W.C., Lee, M.R., Hsu, S.L., Liu, H.S., Kao, S.T., & Hsieh, M.T. (2003). Dang-Gui-Bu-Xai-Tang modulated the immunity of tumor bearing mice. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 25(2), 259–271. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Dang-Gui-Bu-Xai-Tang (DGBXT), which includes Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Astragali Membranaceus, is a traditional Chinese medicine used to modulate the lymphocyte activity of cancer patients after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the present study, we examined the cytotoxicity of DGBXT on transformed cells and the immunomodulating effects of DGBXT in a tumor-bearing murine model. DGBXT markedly inhibited the growth of the EJ-Ha-ras transformed LZEJ and LZEJ-C2 cells lines. Oral administration of DGBXT for three weeks significantly prevented the tumor development in mice that injected with LZEJ-C2 cells subcutaneously. Moreover, DGBXT effectively increased the population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells, and down-regulated activated T helper cells (CD4+/CD25+) in spleen and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). Furthermore, DGBXT stimulated the production of tumor necrosis factor-α in in vitro cultured splenocytes. These results might explain the antitumor effects of DGBXT.
  202. Lin, Y.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, C.F., Cheng, H.Y., & Peng, W.H. (2003). Anxiolytic effect of ting-chih-wan in mouse behavior models of anxiety. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 31(01), 47–59. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The anxiolytic effect of the alcoholic extract of Ting-Chih-Wan (TCWa) was studied using the black and white test (BWT) and the elevated plus-maze (EPM). We further demonstrated the anxiolytic mechanism of TCWa by combining with diazepam (DIZ), serotonin (5-HT) agonists or antagonists, and measuring the levels of monoamines and its metabolites in the brain stem and cortex. In the BWT, TCWa (0.1–1.0 g/kg, p.o.) increased the time spent in the white chamber and total change between the two chambers, and decreased the time spent in the black chamber. TCWa (0.1–0.5 g/kg, p.o.) increased the arm entries and the time spent on the open arms, and decreased the arm entries and the time spent on the closed arms in the EPM. On the other hand, TCWa (1.0 g/kg, p.o.) decreased horizontal activity and prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleeping times. TCWa (0.1, 0.5 g/kg) decreased the levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-HT and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and increased the levels of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the brain stem. TCWa (0.1 and 0.5 g/kg) decreased the levels of NE, DA and increased the levels of VMA and HVA in the cortex. TCWa also attenuated the anxiogenic effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and enhanced the anxiolytic effect of 9p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), buspirone (BUS) and ritanserin (RIT) in the EPM. From these results, TCWa at 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg posessed an anxiolytic effect. The anxiolytic mechanisms of TCWa might be due to decreased catecholaminergic activity caused by the increase in the turnover rate of catecholamines in the brain and decreased concentrations of 5-HT in the brain stem via activating somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors and inhibiting postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors.
  203. 林穎志、吳啟瑞、彭文煌、林君茹、謝明村 (2003)。地黃改善急性腦缺血大鼠之學習障礙。中臺灣醫學科學雜誌，8:附刊 民 92.11，s14-s21。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究以明暗室及舉臂式十字形迷宮誘發動物焦慮模式，探討黃連粗抽物之抗焦慮作用，結果顯示，又服黃連甲醇粗抽物（0.1, 0.5 g/kg）可延長小鼠在明暗室之明室滯留時間及減少暗室之滯留時間並增加兩室間的穿梭次數；且可增加小鼠在舉臂式十字形迷宮之開放臂的滯留時間及進入次數，並減少在封閉臂之滯留時間及進入次數。又服黃連甲醇粗抽物（0.5 g/kg）會延長 hexobarbital 誘發之睡眠時間及降低大鼠運動量。
    • 綜合以上結果，顯示黃連 0.1 g/kg 不論明暗室或舉臂式十字形迷宮誘發小鼠焦慮模式中均具明顯之抗焦慮作用。
    Lin, Y.C., Wu, C.R., Peng, W.H., Lin, C.J., & Hsieh, M.T. (2003). The Attenuating Effects of Rehmannia glutinosa on Learning Deficit in Rats with Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine, 8(Supplement), s14-s21.
    Abstract
    • Objectives. Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) is a major component of Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan. However, the effects of RG on memory processes have not been investigated. Vascular dementia (VD) is a common clinical syndrome of intellectual decline caused by ischemia, hypoxia, and haemorrhagic brain lesions. Most animal models used in ischemia research are based on the neuropathological, neurological, or behavioral outcome of experimental rats with cerebral ischemia.
    • Methods. The present study measured the effects of RG on memory function in acute cerebral ischemic rats by the passive avoidance learning and the water maze tests.
    • Results. Methanolic extract of RG at 0.3 g/kg, water layer of methanolic extract of RG at 0.3 g/kg, and butanolic layer of methanolic extract of RG at 0.01 to 0.03 g/kg facilitated a passive avoidance response in acute cerebral ischemic rats. Methanolic extract of RG at 0.1 to 0.3 g/kg shortened the swimming time to reach the hidden platform on the Morris water maze, and enhanced the swimming time spent in the target ring in acute cerebral ischemic rats. The butanolic but not the water layer at 0.01 to 0.03 g/kg also shortened the swimming time to reach the hidden platform on the Morris water maze, and enhanced the swimming time spent in the target ring in acute cerebral ischemic rats. The butanolic and water layers did not alter the swimming speed.
    • Conclusions. The butanolic layer of methanolic extract of RG improved the memory function of ischemic rats according to the results of the passive avoidance learning and water maze tests.
  204. Peng, W.H., Wu, C.R., Chen, C.S., Chen, C.F., Leu, Z.C., & Hsieh, M.T. (2004). Anxiolytic effect of berberine on exploratory activity of the mouse in two experimental anxiety models: interaction with drugs acting at 5-HT receptors. Life Sciences, 75(20), 2451–2462. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The aim of this study was to assess the anxiolytic effect of berberine (abbrev. BER) using two experimental anxiety models in the mouse. In the black and white test of anxiety, berberine (100, 500 mg/kg) produced an increase in the first time entry, time spent in the white section, and total changes between two compartments. On the other hand, in the elevated plus-maze test, berberine (100, 500 mg/kg) produced an increase in the time spent and arm entries in the open arms, and a decrease in the time spent and arm entries in the closed arms. Berberine (500 mg/kg) decreased locomotor activity in mice. Furthermore, BER at 100, 500 mg/kg decreased concentrations of NE, DA and 5-HT, and increased the concentrations of VMA, HVA and 5-HIAA in the brain stem. BER also attenuated the anxiogenic effect of WAY-100635, 8-OH DPAT and DOI and enhanced the anxiolytic effect of BUS, p-MPPI and RIT in the elevated plus-maze. These results suggested that berberine at 100 mg/kg had a significant anxiolytic-like effect, which was similar to that observed with 1 mg/kg diazepam and 2 mg/kg buspirone. The anxiolytic mechanism of BER might be related to the increase in turnover rates of monoamines in the brain stem and decreased serotonergic system activity. Moreover, BER decreased serotonergic system activity via activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors and inhibition of postsynaptic 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors.
  205. Hsieh, M.T., Hsieh, C.L., Wang, W.H., Chen, C.S., Lin, C.J., & Wu, C.R. (2004). Osthole improves aspects of spatial performance in ovariectomized rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 32(01), 11–20. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorating effects of Cnidiuim monnieri L. Cusson (CM) and osthole, a constituent of CM, on the spatial performance deficit in scopolamine (SCOP)-treated or ovariectomized (OVA) rats. CM improved the deficit of spatial performance, and reversed the lower plasma estradiol levels caused by SCOP in female rats. In addition, osthole (3 and 10 mg/kg, sc) improved the performance deficit in OVA rats. It (10 and 30 μg/brain, icv) also improved the performance deficit caused by SCOP in intact female rats, and at 30 μg/brain improved the deficit in OVA rats. However, osthole did not alter the latency swum to reach the visible target in SCOP-treated and OVA rats. Accordingly, we suggested that osthole is an active constituent of CM, and possesses ameliorating effects on the spatial performance deficits in SCOP-treated female rats or OVA rats. The action mechanism of the effects of osthole on performance deficits was related to the estrogen-like properties and activating the central cholinergic neuronal system.
  206. 吳國任、吳啟瑞、蔡汎修、林立偉、呂宗俊、王文信、彭文煌、謝明村 (2005)。茶葉改善腦缺血誘發之大鼠記憶障礙。中臺灣醫學科學雜誌，10:附刊 民 94.06，s9-s15。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 目的：茶葉為山茶科（Theaceae）植物 Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze 之葉，且具抗氧化、抗動脈粥樣硬化作用及減少大鼠腦缺血後神經細胞死亡現象。本研究擬探討茶葉是否對腦缺血後學習記憶損傷具有改善作用。
    • 方法：以大鼠前中腦動脈及兩側頸總動脈結紮為腦缺血模式，並以水迷宮實驗評估茶葉粗抽物腦缺血大鼠學習操作障礙之改善。
    • 結果：本研究利用大鼠前中腦動脈及兩側頸總動脈結紮所造成之腦缺血模式，可誘發大鼠於水迷宮空間操作、參考記憶、工作記憶再學習與再現等學習操作能力之障礙，結果顯示茶葉粗抽物可改善因腦缺血所誘發之學習操作障礙。
    • 結論：茶葉粗抽物對腦缺血學習記憶損傷具改善作用。
    Wu, K.J, Wu, C.R., Tsai, F.H., Lin, L.W., Leu, T.C., Wang, W.H., Peng, W.H., & Hsieh, M.T. (2005). Effects of Theae Folium Extract on Cerebral Ischemia-induced Memory Impairment in Rats. Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine, 10(Supplement), s9-s15.
    Abstract
    • Purpose. Theae Folium (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) has been shown to be a natural antioxidant with antiatherosclerosic and neuroprotective effects in rats with ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. The present study investigated the effects of Theae Folium on memory impairment induced by cerebral ischemia.
    • Methods. We evaluated the protective effects of Theae Folium in rats with ischemia-reperfusion brain injury caused by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and the two common carotid arteries. Memory function was measured by the water maze test.
    • Results. Occlusion of the cerebral artery and the two common carotid arteries caused brain dystropy and impaired spatial performance, and reference and working memory. Theae Folium extract at 100 and 300 mg/kg ameliorated the impaired performance and working memory in cerebral ischemic rats.
    • Conclusions. Theae Folium improves memory impairment in ischemic rats.
  207. 呂宗俊、林立偉、蔡汎修、鄭皓元、吳國任、吳啟瑞、彭文煌、謝明村 (2005)。益母草甲醇粗抽物對高脂血大鼠降血脂作用之研究。中臺灣醫學科學雜誌，10:附刊 民 94.06，s16-s21。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 目的：本研究探討益母草甲醇粗抽物對高膽固醇飲食誘導高脂血症大鼠降血脂之作用。
    • 方法：以高膽固醇飲食（2 % 膽固醇及 1 % 膽酸）誘導產生高脂血大鼠，探討盆母草甲醇粗抽物之降血脂作用及其機轉。
    • 結果：高膽固醇飲食每天又服餵食大鼠一次，連續 14 天可以誘導產生大鼠高脂血症，盆母草甲醇粗抽物對高脂血症大鼠之血清總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇及肝臟之三酸甘油酯有明顯降低，且高密度脂蛋白膽固醇及脂蛋白脂酶顯著增加，血清極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇，肝臟之總膽固醇與糞便之總膽固醇及膽酸則無顯著影響。
    • 結論：益母草甲醇粗抽物可經由提高脂蛋白脂酶活性以加速血中脂質代謝及提高血清高密度脂蛋白濃度以加速血中膽固醇清除，達到降血脂作用。
    Leu, T.C., Lin, W.W., Tsai, F.H., Cheng, H.Y., Wu, K.J., Wu, C.R., Peng, W.H., & Hsieh, M.T. (2005). Hypolipidemic Effect of Methanol Extract of Leonuri Herba in Hyperlipidemic Rats. Mid-Taiwan Journal of Medicine, 10(Supplement), s16-s21.
    Abstract
    • Purpose. The present study investigated the hypolipidemic effect of methanol extract of Leonuri Herba (LH) on hyperlipidemic (HYP) rats fed a high cholesterol diet.
    • Methods. Rats were fed a rich cholesterol diet (2 % cholesterol and 1 % bile acid) for two weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. To probe into the hypolipidemic mechanism of LH,the lipid levels in serum, liver and feces were measured on the 14th day.
    • Results. The results showed that a high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia in rats. LH reduced total cholesterol in serum, and LDL-C and triacylglycerol in the liver. Incontrast, the HDL-C level and LPL activity increased. However, LH did not significantly affect VLDL-C level in the serum, TC level in the liver, or TC and BA levels in feces.
    • Conclusions. LH produces a hypolipidemic effect by increasing LPL activity in serum, which causes an acceleration in blood lipid metabolism, and by removing blood cholesterol through an increase in HDL-C.
  208. Chen, C.S., Lin, L.W., Hsieh, C.C., Chen, G.W., Peng, W.H., & Hsieh, M.T. (2006). Differential gene expression in hemodialysis patients with "cold" Zheng. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 34(03), 377–385. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The aim of the present study was to search for the differential gene expression and measure the serum level of a number of biochemical parameters in the cold Zheng (CZ) and non-cold Zheng (NCZ) in patients receiving hemodialysis. Hemodialysis (HD) patients were randomly selected from the CZ and NCZ groups. The between-group differences in gene expression were assessed using complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray. Differential gene expression was further validated by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results demonstrated that the up-regulation of the inflammation-associated genes, ALOX5AP, S100A8 and S100A12, down-regulation of the genes related to immunity (DEFA4), metabolism (GNG11, PYGB, PRKAR2B), and growth/proliferation (HSF2, DDR2, TK1) were found in the CZ group. Furthermore, the CZ HD patients had significantly lower serum albumin levels compared with their NCZ counterparts (3.31 ± 0.08 g/dL versus 4.18 ± 0.12 g/dL). It appears reasonable to conclude that up-regulated inflammatory-gene expression (ALOX5AP, S100A8 and S100A12) may play an important role in CZ HD patients.
  209. Chen, C.S., Chen, N.J., Lin, L.W., Hsieh, C.C., Chen, G.W., & Hsieh, M.T. (2006). Effects of Scutellariae Radix on gene expression in HEK 293 cells using cDNA microarray. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105(3), 346–351. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The aim of the present study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of Scutellaria Radix (SR). The complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray method was used to survey the effects of SR on the changes of gene expression profile in HEK293 cells. Based on differential expression, 66 genes were selected for further analysis from 9600 candidate genes in the microarray; 23 genes were validated by RT-PCR. The broad spectrum of the differentially expressed genes, including those associated with inflammation, immune response, energy metabolism, as well as others, such as ISGF3G, IL6ST, CD98, ATP5G2, PHKG2, YB-1 and SLC7A4, indicate overall cellular response to SR treatment. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of SR may be related to IL6ST down-expression, and over-expression of CD98. Moreover, SR-related improvement in immune response may be related to the ISGF3G over-expression.
  210. 劉淑鈴、謝明村、陳忠川 (2007)。龍葵之本草與藥用植物學考證。中醫藥雜誌，18:1/2 2007.01 [民 96.01]，37-50。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    依據本草考證，中國祖先早於唐太宗貞觀年間，西元 600 多年前，即已應用龍葵，做為食用或治療疾病。由於從古至今皆言龍葵，故忽略其有相近的植物，坊間只統稱龍葵一種植物。經由本草考證，龍葵不僅有老鴉眼睛草、苦菜、天茄子、烏甜菜等別名。現代植物學資料記載，尚有少花龍葵、光果龍葵等中藥名稱，且學名亦不相同，容易混淆與誤用。現經由本草文獻考查、野外調查、參照植物特徵、比對圖片，歸納匯整獲得結論：龍葵類植物有二種至今仍被混用，第一種為龍葵，廣泛分佈於世界各地，其主要特徵為萼片會貼於顏色暗黑的果皮上，其學名為 Solanum nigrum Linnaeus。另一種為光果龍葵（台灣），即是少花龍葵（中國），其花萼會反捲於鮮亮的果皮上，其學名為 Solanum americanum Miller，但少花龍葵尚有 Solanum photeinocarpum Nakamura et Odashima、Solanum nigrum var. pauciflorum Liou 等常用學名，本研究提供上述考證結果，冀能做為藥用植物基源鑑定的參考。
    Liu, S.L., Hsieh, M.T., & Chen, C.C. (2007). Textual research of Long-K'uei on Pents'aology and Pharmaceutical Botany. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 18(1,2), 37-50.
    Abstract
    Based on textual research of Pents'aology (本草學), Long-K'uei (龍葵) had been used for food or the treatment of diseases by Chinese ancestors before 600 A.D. However, because it was constantly neglected that Long-K'uei actually has other close relatives, only the name, Long K'uei, has been used from ancient times to the present. Long-K'uei has many vernacular names, like Lao-Ya-Yen-ChingTs'ao (老鴉眼睛草), K'u-Ts'ai (苦菜), T'ien-Ch'ieh-tz (天茄子), Wu-T'ian- Ts'ai (烏甜菜) and so on, according to Chinese medical books. In additions, it had been named Shao-Hua-Long-K'uei (少花 龍葵) or Kuang-Kuo-Long-K'uei (光果龍葵). Because a scientific name for botany material record remained to be unified, it is easily confused and misused by us. According to the Pents’aology and Chinese medical books, plants collected from country side, characteristic identification, and picture comparison, only two kinds of the plants could be classified and described as follow: First kind of Long-K'uei distributes widely throughout the world. The main feature is that fruiting calyx is applied on dull black berry. The scientific name of that is Solanum nigrum Linnaeus. The other one is either called Shao-Hua-Long-K'uei in China or Kuang-Kuo-Long-K'uei in Taiwan. It contains fruiting calyx with a strongly reflex on shiny black berry and has a scientific name, Solanum americanum Miller. However, Solanum photeinocarpum Nakamura et Odashima or Solanum nigrum var. pauciflorum Liou are also commonly used. By providing above information, we hoped that people would be more concerned with the identification of the original medical plants.
  211. 陳嘉聖、陳光偉、林昭庚、彭文煌、謝明村 (2007)。血液透析患者中醫辨證分型與血清生化值之研究。中醫藥雜誌，18:3/4 2007.07 [民 96.07]，169-178。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本研究之目的在探討尿毒症血液透析患者之中醫辨證分型：脾腎氣虛、脾腎陽虛、肝腎陰虛、氣陰兩虛、陰陽兩虛及非虛型共六型之偏向性，暨各個中醫證型與尿毒症的病因、罹患智能障礙、以及其血清生化值變化作分析研究。研究結果發現脾腎陽虛及陰陽兩虛型分佈在病患年紀較大（65.7 ± 13.2；65.7 ± 10.1 歲），血液透析時間較長者（76.5 ± 35.5；81.1 ± 60.3 個月），而且此兩型的血液透析患者較其他中醫證型之簡易智能測驗分數較低（MMSE score：23.9 ± 5.4；23.4 ± 4.7）(p < 0.05)。又分析血液透析患者之中醫證型與血清生化值，發現各證型間之血清生化值並無顯著差異，但是血清白蛋白（albumin）與肌酐酸（creatinine）在脾腎陽虛及陰陽兩虛者有顯著之低落現象（血清白蛋白：3.5 ± 0.4；3.3 ± 0.3 g/dl；肌酐酸：8.3 ± 1.8；7.8 ± 1.7 mg/dl），顯示此兩型病患之營養狀況較差。綜合以上結果，顯示患者年齡愈大，血液透析時間愈長，愈會出現脾腎陽虛及陰陽兩虛之表現，而且較容易罹患智能障礙，及出現營養不良狀況。本研究結果可供中醫師臨床上對血液透析患者就診時診斷及處方用藥之參考。
    Chen, C.S., Chen, G.W., Lin, J.K., Peng, W.H., & Hsieh, M.T. (2007). Studies on the classical differential diagnosis of traditional chinese medicine and biochemical parameters in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 18(3,4), 169-178.
    Abstract
    The syndrome types of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in hemodialysis (HD) patients are divided into Chi deficiency of Spleen and Kidney (CDSK), Yang deficiency of Spleen and Kidney (YDSK), Yin deficiency of Liver and Kidney (YDLK), deficiencies of Chi and Yin (DCY), deficiencies of Yin and Yang (DYY), and Non-deficiency (ND). The aim of the present study is to investigate the six syndrome types of TCM in HD patients and the etiology of uremia, the condition of dementia, and the changes in the serum biochemical parameters. The result showed that both YDSK and DYY types of HD patients were elder, longer dialysis times and lower Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score than the other types of HD patients. The levels of albumin and creatinine in YDSK and DYY types of HD patients were significantly lower compared to the other types of HD patients. The other serum biochemical parameters were not significantly different among the six syndrome types of HD patients. The lower serum creatinine and albumin levels suggested that YDSK and DYY types of HD patients were malnutritioned. Therefore, we concluded that the YDSK and DYY types of HD patients were elder and had received longer dialysis times. They also appeared to have intelligent impairment and malnutrition. These results could be used as references of diagnosis and treatment by the TCM physicians in clinic.
  212. 謝明村、呂宗俊、彭文煌、鄭皓元、吳國任、蔡汎修 (2007)。綜述高脂血症之中西醫藥治療。中國醫藥研究叢刊，27 2007.11 [民 96.11]，62-72。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    高脂血症是血漿中脂蛋白超過正常標準值，造成動脈粥狀硬化症病因之一，而導致腦、心血管疾病，發生腦中風、心肌梗塞。事實上，脂蛋白對人體正常生理功能扮演重要角色，維持正常血脂肪濃度以保持正常的生理，才是正確的保健之道。對於高脂血症患者，要先診斷是屬於哪一類型的高脂血症，使用藥物治療之前要先調整飲食，如果單獨以膳食調整不足以控制，始考慮使用藥物。西藥降血脂有其療效，但應注意其副作用。中藥丹參、山楂、川芎、益母草；方劑逍遙散、杞菊地黃湯、血府逐瘀湯、小承氣湯等，雖有降低脂蛋白作用，但其進一步辨證分型臨床療效有待進一步研究。
    Hsieh, M.T., Ley, T.C., Peng, W.H., Cheng, H.Y., Wu, K.J., & Tsai, F.H. (2007). Review of Hyperlipoproteinemia Treatment by Western and Traditional Medicine Therapy. Journal of Chinese Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 27, 62-72.
    Abstract
    Hyperlipoproteinemia, plasma lipoprotein level over normal standard value, is the causes of arteriosclerosis. Lipoproteins play important role in normal physiological function. In order to keep normal physiology, everyone should maintain normal lipids levels in the blood. Hyperlipoproteinemia patients should diagnosis the types of hyperlipoproteinemia firstly. The patients should adjust diet before drug treatment. If hyperlipoproteinemia could control by diet adjustment, we will consider using drug treatment. Hyperlipoproteinemic drugs possess therapeutic efficacy. However, they also produce side effects. Although Radix Salvia multiorrhizae, Hawthorn Fruit, Rhizoma Ligustici wallichii., Fructus Leonuri, Xiao Yao San, Qi Ju Di Huang Tang, Xie Fu Zhu Yu Tang, dachengqi decoction possess hypolipoproteinemic effect, They should further differentiate the clinical therapeutic types.
  213. Liao, J.C., Lin, K.H., Cheng, H.Y., Wu, J.B., Hsieh, M.T., & Peng, W.H. (2007). Actinidia rubricaulis attenuates hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 35(01), 81–88. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extracts of Actinidia rubricaulis (AR) on chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. CCl4 (20%, 0.5 ml/rat) was given twice a week for 8 weeks, and animals received AR throughout the entire experimental period. AR reduced the elevated levels of serum glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (sGOT) and glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (sGPT) caused by CCl4 at weeks 1,3,6, and 8. The biochemical data were consistent with those of the histological observations. The AR extract recovered the CCl4-induced liver injury and showed antioxidant effect in assays of antioxidant enzyme activity, such as SOD, GSH-Px and GSH-Rd. Based on these results, we suggest that the hepatoprotective effect of the AR is related to its antioxidant activity.
  214. Tsai, F.S., Peng, W.H., Wang, W.H., Wu, C.R., Hsieh, C.C., Lin, Y.T., Feng, I.C., & Hsieh, M.T. (2007). Effects of luteolin on learning acquisition in rats: involvement of the central cholinergic system. Life Sciences, 80(18), 1692–1698. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The study was conducted to investigate the ameliorating effects of luteolin on memory acquisition in rats. The effects of luteolin on scopolamine-induced impairment of passive avoidance response were evaluated primarily, as well as the role of the central nervous system through the use of central neurotoxins and central nervous antagonists. Luteolin was not reversed by scopolamine N-methylbromide (M-SCOP) but blocked the impairment of learning acquisition induced by cholinergic neurotoxin (ethylcholine aziridinium, AF64A) and muscarinic (scopolamine hydrobromide, SCOP) and nicotinic (mecamylamine, MECA) receptor antagonists. However, it did not block dopaminergic neurotoxin (6-hydroxydopamine, 6-OHDA)-induced and serotonergic neurotoxin (5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, 5,7-DHT)-induced impairments. From these results, we suggest that the attenuating effect of luteolin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on the deficits of passive avoidance performance induced by SCOP may be related to the increases in the activities of central muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
  215. Lu, M.C., Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Cheng, H.Y., Hsieh, C.C., Lin, Y.T., & Peng, W.H. (2007). Ameliorating effect of emodin, a constitute of Polygonatum multiflorum, on cycloheximide-induced impairment of memory consolidation in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 112(3), 552–556. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The aim of the present study was intended to investigate the ameliorating effects of emodin on memory consolidation via cholinergic, serotonergic and GABAergic neuronal systems in rats. First, we evaluated the ameliorating effects of emodin on cycloheximide (CXM)-induced impairment of passive avoidance response in rats. Secondly, we clarified the role of cholinergic, serotonergic or GABAergic system on the ameliorating effect of emodin by using 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, GABAB agonist, GABAA antagonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist. Emodin protected the rat from CXM-induced memory consolidation impairment. The beneficial effect of emodin on CXM-induced memory consolidation impairment was amplified by 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT1A receptor partial agonist) and ritanserin (5-HT2 receptor antagonist), but reduced by scopolamine. These results suggested that the beneficial effect of emodin on CXM-induced memory consolidation impairment was amplified by serotonergic 5-HT1A -receptor partial agonist and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist but reduced by muscarinic receptor antagonist.
  216. Wu, C.R., Lin, L.W., Wang, W.H., & Hsieh, M.T. (2007). The ameliorating effects of LiuWei Dihuang Wang on cycloheximide-induced impairment of passive avoidance performance in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113(1), 79–84. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The ameliorating effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of LiuWei Dihuang Wang (LDWW and LDWE) after single, 1-week or 2-week consecutive treatment on the cycloheximide-induced amnesia by using the passive avoidance task in rats were studied. After single treatment, LDWW and LDWE (1 and 2 g/kg) significantly prolonged the shortened step-through latency induced by CXM and their potency was equal. LDWW at 1 g/kg after 1-week consecutive treatment or at 0.1 g/kg after 2-week consecutive treatment almost completely reversed CXM-induced amnesia. LDWW at any dose alone after single, 1-week or 2-week consecutive treatment did not influence the step-through latency in the training trial in rats. Furthermore, muscarinic antagonist scopolamine, peripheral cholinergic antagonist scopolamine methylbromide, serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptamine and serotonin releaser p-chloroamphetamine could block the ameliorating effects of LDWW. GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline and GABAB receptor agonist baclofen also blocked the ameliorating effects of LDWW. These results suggest that the ameliorating effects of LDW whose potency were parallel to treatment duration might be related to activating peripheral cholinergic neuronal system and modulating the central nervous system.
  217. 林昆宏、廖容君、彭文煌、謝明村、吳金濱、黃冠中 (2008)。五種臺灣獼猴桃屬植物抗氧化活性及其總多酚類成分含量之研究。中臺灣醫學科學雜誌，13:1 2008.03 [民 97.03]，19-26。[Ref NCL]
  218. 彭文煌、李宜璇、蔡金川、張淑貞、賴銘淙、謝明村 (2008)。中草藥一般毒性評估模式探討。中醫藥雜誌，19:3/4 2008.12 [民 97.12]，93-107。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 本研究以四種等倍劑量常用八種藥材（黑順片、薑半夏、法半夏、川大黃、酒大黃、青蒿、旋覆花、射干）水萃取物口服給予小鼠，觀察小鼠之死亡隻數及死亡情形，再以 Litchfield & Wilcoxon 方法求其 50﹪致死劑量；其次再以臨床一般用量及五倍用量每天給予小鼠中藥材萃取物一次，連續給予 28 天，觀察其 28 天之亞急性毒性，以探討常用六味藥材是否具有口服急 性毒性及口服給藥 28 天之亞急性毒性。並進行對沙門氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium）TA98、TA100 及 TA1535 菌株致突變性之 Ames 試驗及對 HepG2、MDCK、NRK-52E 三種肝、腎細胞株的細胞毒性試驗（MTT test）。
    • 結果顯示，採樣自台灣北中南三家大盤中藥代理商之常用八種藥材中黑順片之小鼠口服 LD50 劑量分別為 10.6 g/kg、11.9 g/kg 及 9.8 g/kg，其餘藥材之小鼠口服 LD50 劑量均大於 10.0 g/kg 仍未見死亡。並將此八種藥材以一般常用劑量口服給與小鼠，每天給藥一次，連續給 28 天後並未見有小鼠死亡、sGOT、sGPT、BUN、creatinine 值及體重顯著變化；給予五倍常用劑量射干及法半夏小鼠之 sGOT 增加，給予五倍常用劑量射干小鼠之 sGPT 增加，肝組織中央靜脈區有充血，細胞脹大及變性現象，給予五倍常用劑量薑半夏及法半夏小鼠之 BUN 值增加，給予五倍常用劑量青蒿及法半夏小鼠之 creatinine 值增加，腎組織有充血，細胞腫脹變性及髓質出血現象。大黃、旋覆花、青蒿的水萃物在最高濃度（1 mg/ml）對 HepG2 造成細胞毒性，旋覆花在最高 濃度（1 mg/ml）對 MDCK 造成細胞毒性，青蒿、大黃、射干、旋覆花在最高濃度（1 mg/ml）對 NRK-52E 造成細胞毒性。
    • 綜合以上結果顯示薑半夏、法半夏、川大黃、酒大黃、青蒿、旋覆花、射干等之小鼠口服急性毒性甚低，此八種藥材在一般劑量下並未見有亞急性毒性。附子、半夏、大黃、青蒿、旋覆花、射干六味藥材之水萃取物對沙門菌回復突變之 Ames 試驗並不具有致突變性，但大黃、青蒿、旋覆花、射干會造成 HepG2，MDCK，NRK-52E 細胞毒性，可能與細胞株的敏感性有關。
    Peng, W.H., Lee, I.S., Tsai, C.C., Chang, S.J., Lai, M.T., & Hsieh, M.T. (2008). Studies on common toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 19(3,4), 93-107.
    Abstract
    • The aims of this study were to investigate the oral 50% lethal toxicity and liver and kidney subacute toxicity for 28 administration of six species of common used Chinese Medicines [Aconiti Radix (AR), Rhei Rhizoma (RR), Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR), Artemisiae Herba (AH), Inulae Flos (IF), Belamcandae Rhizoma (BR)] purchased from three dealer in TCM in mice. We also investigated the anti-mutagenic effect of eight species of common used Chinese Medicines by using the NQNO and B[a]P mutagens to induce mutation in TA98, TA102, TA1535 cell lines (Ames test) and MTT test in HepG2, MDCK and NRK-52E cell lines.
    • The results shown that the oral LD50 of the eight species of common used Chinese Medicines purchased from three dealers in TCM are very low (>10.0 g/kg), except Aconiti radix which the oral LD50 was 10.6 g/kg、11.9 g/kg and 9.8 g/kg, respectively. The 28 days feeding toxicity of the eight species of common used Chinese Medicines under the common dosage was very low in mice. However, BR increased the activities of sGOT and sGPT after five times dosage administration for 28 days in mice. Fa-PR increased the sGOT activity after five times dosage administration for 28 days in mice. The morphology of liver tissue produced congestion in central veins, cell enlarge and degeneration. The Fa-PR and Jung-PR increased the BUN level after five times dosage administration for 28 days in mice. The Fa-PR and AH increased the creatinine level after five times dosage administration for 28 days in mice. The morphology of kidney tissue produced congestion, medulla bleeding and degeneration. In the Ames test, the eight species of common used Chinese Medicines did not induce mutation in the TA98, TA100 and TA1535 cell line. RR, AH, IF (1 mg/ml) could induce cell toxicity in HepG2, AH (1 mg/ml) could induce cell toxicity in MDCK, RR, AH, IF, BR (1 mg/ml) could induce cell toxicity in NRK-52E.
    • These results suggested that the eight species of common used Chinese Medicines possessed low acute toxicity and sub-acute toxicity under clinical dose. The AR, PR, RR, AH, IF and BR possessed non genetic mutation in bacteria. The RR, AH, IF and BR possessed HepG2, MDCK and NRK-52E toxicities. The different results in animal and cell culture may be related to the sensitivity of cell lines which were selected in this study.
  219. Wu, C.R., Lin, L.W., Hsieh, C.L., Wang, W.H., Lin, Y.T., & Hsieh, M.T. (2008). Petroleum ether extract of Cnidium monnieri ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia through adrenal gland-mediated mechanism in male rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 117(3), 403–407. [Ref]
    Abstract
    • Aim: Our previous study indicated petroleum ether layer of Cnidium monnieri L. Cuss. (CM) and its ingredient osthole could alleviate scopolamine-induced amnesia in female rats.
    • Materials and methods: Hence, this study was desired to investigate the mechanism of the ameliorating effects of petroleum ether layer of CM on the performance impairment of inhibitory avoidance task and Morris water maze induced by scopolamine in male rats.
    • Results: CM at 0.1–0.6 g/kg orally administered 60 min before the training trial ameliorated the scopolamine-induced performance impairment on inhibitory avoidance learning and water maze in male rats. Only adrenalectomy but not peripheral cholinergic antagonist scopolamine methylbromide and catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine blocked the ameliorating effects of CM on scopolamine-induced performance impairment in rats.
    • Conclusion: Therefore, we demonstrated that the ameliorating effects of CM on scopolamine-induced performance impairment may be related to activating the adrenal gland and central acetylcholingeric neuron, instead of peripheral nervous system.
  220. Lin, L.W., Chen, H.Y., Wu, C.R., Liao, P.M., Lin, Y.T., Hsieh, M.T., & Ching, H. (2008). Comparison with various parts of Broussonetia papyrifera as to the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in rodents. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 72(9), 2377–2384. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    This study compared the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of various parts of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Herit. ex Vent. (BP, Moraceae) by chemical-induced pain and inflammation in rodents. All BP parts (1 and 2 g/kg, p.o.) effectively inhibited writhing responses induced by 1% acetic acid. The BP radix, leaf, and fruit effectively inhibited the late-phase licking responses caused by 1% formalin. But only the BP radix and fruit reduced the edema induced by 1% carrageenan at 1–2 h. Furthermore, the BP radix reduced the abdominal Evan’s blue extravasations caused by inflammatory mediators, including serotonin and sodium nitroprusside. Finally, the radix had the highest contents of betulin and betulinic acid among all BP parts. In conclusion, the radix is the better medicinal BP part possessing antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects, and its anti-inflammatory effects are partially related to the inhibition of vascular permeability via autocrines and nitric oxide.
  221. Cheng, H.Y., Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Tsai, F.H., Lu, T.C., Hsieh, C.C., Li, W.C., Lin, Y.T., & Peng, W.H. (2008). Schizandrin protects primary cultures of rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 107(1), 21–31. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The neuroprotective effect of schizandrin on the glutamate (Glu)-induced neuronal excitotoxicity and its potential mechanisms were investigated using primary cultures of rat cortical cells. After exposure of primary cultures of rat cortical cells to 10 μM Glu for 24 h, cortical cell cultures exhibited remarkable apoptotic death. Pretreatment of the cortical cell cultures with schizandrin (10, 100 μM) for 2 h significantly protected cortical neurons against Glu-induced excitotoxicity. The neuroprotective activity of schizandrin was the most potent at the concentration of 100 μM. Schizandrin reduced apoptotic characteristics by DAPI staining in Glu-injured cortical cell cultures. In addition, schizandrin diminished the intracellular Ca2+ influx, inhibited the subsequent overproduction of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytochrome c, and preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, schizandrin also increased the cellular level of glutathione (GSH) and inhibited the membrane lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA). As indicated by Western blotting, schizandrin attenuated the protein level changes of procaspase-9, caspase-9, and caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Taken together, these results suggest that schizandrin protected primary cultures of rat cortical cells against Glu-induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway and oxidative stress.
  222. 陳嘉聖、彭文煌、林耀東、邱勇嘉、陳紀方、謝明村 (2009)。腸胃功能障礙：大腸激躁症。中國醫藥研究叢刊，28 2009.12 [民 98.12]，78-86。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 大腸激躁症（IBS）是一種常見的下消化道功能性異常之疾病，臨床表現為腹痛、腹瀉、排便習慣或頻率改變，糞便形狀改變，持續或間歇發作為其特點。其病因可能是自律神經無法發揮其功能，中醫典籍無大腸激躁症之病名，僅能從「腹痛」、「泄瀉」、「便秘」病名上辯證論治。
    • IBS 之診斷依羅馬準則 III，在過去 12 個月中，至少有 12 週（不須連續）發生腹痛或不適，且包含:腹部不適於解便後緩解、解便頻率改變、糞便型態改變（其中兩項特徵）。中醫辯證論治:肝鬱脾虛證以痛瀉要方加味主之、肝腸氣滯證以柴胡厚朴湯主之、腸道津虧證以一貫煎加減主之、濕熱阻滯證以半夏瀉心湯加減主之、寒濕困脾證以厚朴溫中湯主之、脾氣虛弱以參苓白术散主之、脾腎陽虛證以四神丸加減主之。
  223. Song, J.Z., Qiao, C.F., Li, S.L., Zhou, Y., Hsieh, M.T., & Xu, H.X. (2009). Rapid optimization of dual-mode gradient high performance liquid chromatographic separation of Radix et Rhizoma Salviae miltiorrhizae by response surface methodology. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216(42), 7007–7012. [Ref]
    Abstract
    An approach for rapid optimization of dual-mode gradient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by response surface methodology (RSM) was developed for fast simultaneous separation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components in Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Danshen) and its preparations. The aim of this study was to achieve a high throughput RSM optimization using a short ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) column to simultaneously optimize flow rate and solvent gradient, and then transfer the optimized method to conventional HPLC for routine analytical purposes. The optimization was designed with Box Behnken design (BBD) and the global Derringer's desirability was used for describing the multicriteria response variables. Sixty-two designed experiments were performed by UHPLC with a short sub-2 μm column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) and a total running time of only 5 h. The predicted gradient profile was further transferred to a long UHPLC column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) and a conventional HPLC columns (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 3.5 μm and 4 mm × 100 mm, 5 μm, respectively). Compared to the published methods, the newly developed dual-mode gradient is faster and more efficient at simultaneously separating hydrophilic and hydrophobic components in Danshen and its preparations.
  224. Chiu, C.S., Deng, J.S., Hsieh, M.T., Fan, M.J., Lee, M.M., Chueh, F.S., Han, C.K., Lin, Y.C., & Peng, W.H. (2009). Yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto) ameliorates cognition deficit and attenuates oxidative damage in senescent mice induced by D-galactose. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 37(05), 889–902. [Ref]
    Abstract
    This study attempted to access the neuroprotective effect of yam (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto) on the senescent mice induced by D-gal. The mice in the experiments were administered orally with yam (20, 100 or 500 mg/kg for 4 weeks, from the sixth week). The learning and memory abilities of the mice in Morris water maze test and the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of yam on the mice brain tissue were investigated. The content of diosgenin in the yam was also detected by using HPLC.

    Mice treated with yam were found to significantly improve their learning and memory abilities in Morris water maze test compared to those treated with D-gal (200 mg/kg for 10 weeks). In addition, yam was also found to increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) level on the brains of D-gal treated mice. Finally, the amount of diosgenin in the yam was 5.49 mg/g extract.

    To sum up, these results indicate that yam had the potential to be a useful treatment for cognitive impairment in TCM. Its beneficial effect may be partly mediated via enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities.
  225. Cheng, H.Y., Hsieh, M.T., Tsai, F.S., Wu, C.R., Chiu, C.S., Lee, M.M., Xu, H.X., Zhao, Z.Z., & Peng, W.H. (2010). Neuroprotective effect of luteolin on amyloid β protein (25–35)-induced toxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons. Phytotherapy Research, 24(S1), S102–S108. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The present study was carried out to investigate the neuroprotective effect of luteolin on amyloid β (Aβ) (25–35)-induced neurotoxicity using cultured rat cortical neurons. After exposure of primary cultures of rat cortical cells to 10 μM Aβ (25–35) for 48 h, cortical cell cultures exhibited marked apoptotic death. Pretreatment with luteolin (1, 10 μM) significantly protected cortical cell cultures against Aβ (25–35)-induced toxicity. Luteolin (1, 10 μM) showed a concentration-dependent inhibition on 10 μM Aβ (25–35)-induced apoptotic neuronal death, as assessed by MTT assay. Furthermore, luteolin reduced apoptotic characteristics by DAPI staining. For Western blot analysis, the results showed that the protective effect of luteolin on Aβ (25–35)-induced neurotoxicity was mediated by preventing of ERK-p, JNK, JNK-p, P38-p and caspase 3 activations in rat primary cortical cultures. Taken together, the results suggest that luteolin prevents Aβ (25–35)-induced apoptotic neuronal death through inhibiting the protein level of JNK, ERK and p38 MAP kinases and caspase 3 activations.
  226. Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., Wu, C.R., Ng, K.Y., Cheng, C.L., & Xu, H.X. (2010). Review on experimental research of herbal medicines with anti-amnesic activity. Planta Medica, 76(03), 203–217. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Amnesia is characterized by the inability to form memories or total or partial loss of memory secondary to cerebral malfunction following degenerative diseases, cerebral infections, traumatic injuries and emotional events which could be differentiated from dementia. However, no effective treatment for amnesia is currently available. Much research effort has been focused on developing new drugs from herbal medicines which have multifunctional properties. Novel plant extracts and their major or bioactive components including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and saponins with promising antioxidant effects, various effects on cholinergic, GABAergic, glutaminergic, serotonergic, catecholaminergic and histaminergic systems, enhancement of cerebral blood flow and elevation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) as well as protein levels have been studied. In this review, we discuss the research findings on novel plant extracts and their bioactives with anti-amnesic effects on different neurotransmitter systems. Developing new drugs from herbal medicines for the treatment of amnesia is a hopeful attempt to meet the unmet medical needs.
  227. Tsai, F.S., Cheng, H.Y., Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Lin, Y.C., & Peng, W.H. (2010). The ameliorating effects of luteolin on beta-amyloid-induced impairment of water maze performance and passive avoidance in rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 38(02), 279–291. [Ref]
    Abstract
    The present study investigated the effects of luteolin on Aβ (1-40)-induced impairment of Morris water maze (MWM) spatial performance, reference memory, and passive avoidance (PA) behavior in rats. Luteolin treatment was started 4 days before the initiation of behavioral testing (passive avoidance on treatment day of 4–5; MWM spatial performance memory testing on treatment day of 5–7 and MWM reference memory testing on treatment day of 7) and continued until the end of the study. We also measured the activity of Mn-SOD, copper/zinc (Cu/Zn)-SOD and glutathione (GSH) levels in rat cortex and hippocampus to understand the ameliorating effect of luteolin on Aβ (1-40) induced memory impairment. The present results showed that luteolin (5, 10 mg/kg) has a protective effect on Aβ (1-40)-induced memory dysfunction in spatial performance, reference memory, and inhibitory avoidance response impairment. Finally, luteolin also increases the level of Mn-SOD, (Cu/Zn)-SOD and glutathione (GSH) in the cortex and hippocampus to reduce the oxidative stress by Aβ (1-40). Taken together, the results in this study suggest that luteolin (5, 10 mg/kg) treatment improves the learning and memory in Aβ (1-40)-induced cognition deficit in rats. The ameliorating mechanisms of luteolin on Aβ (1-40)-induced amnesia may be related to activating the anti-oxidation system.
  228. 謝明村、吳龍源、彭文煌、徐列慶、邱勇嘉 (2011)。焦慮症及失眠症之中醫臨床常用方劑。中國醫藥研究叢刊，29 2011.11 [民 100.11]，48-57。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    中醫藉由調整人體臟腑功能，對於焦慮症及失眠症患者，能明確改善睡眠狀況，又不引起藥物依賴和醫源性反應而受到患者的歡迎，失眠的臨床治療原則是以鎮靜安神、補心寧神、舒肝理氣為主，中醫門診治療失眠常用的複方的作用機轉以鎮靜、安神、補心安神、舒肝理氣為主要功效。本文可提供臨床中醫師在治療失眠的一個選擇。對於提昇中醫醫療品質應是正面的，中醫臨床方藥對於失眠患者也能提供一項有效的選擇。
  229. 劉淑鈴、郭昭麟、謝明村 (2011)。蚶殼草 — 臺灣藥用植物本草學考證。中醫藥雜誌，22:3/4 2011.12 [民 100.12]，173-183。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    台灣民間常用的草藥＂蚶殼草＂，以其學名 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 考證諸版本植物誌，得知中國植物誌 Flora of China (1879)與《臺灣植物誌》第一版 Flora of Taiwan (1975-1979)，兩岸此兩本不同的植物誌，雖以相同的學名，卻分別給予不同的中文名稱，分別為＂積雪草＂與＂雷公根＂。考證＂積雪草＂早於漢《神農本草經》就有性味、主治、功效的記載，但此植物自古以來即有藥物記載不實或文與圖誤植的情況，歷代諸家本草就有連錢草、地錢草、天胡荽、胡薄荷、活血丹、地棠草等不同的來源植物混雜應用；而＂蚶殼草＂在台灣民間也有天胡荽、台灣天胡荽、乞食碗、馬蹄金、金錢薄荷等外形類似的草藥混用的情形。今經由考證《中華本草》、《臺灣維管束植物簡誌》、諸家本草與植物誌等有關此植物的內文及藥圖，確定＂積雪草＂與＂雷公根＂確實是指同一植物 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban，即台灣民間草藥＂蚶殼草＂，即是藥用植物＂雷公根＂，也是古本草所收載的＂積雪草＂。
    Liu, S.L., Kuo, C.L., & Hsieh, M.T. (2011). Journal of Chinese Medicine, 22(3,4), 173-183.
    Abstract
    Han-K’o-Ts’ao is one of Taiwan folk commonly used medicinal herbs. It was named with its appearance like a clam. By textual research of the clam herb on Pents’aology, it was found that there were two different Chinese names with the same scientific name, Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, on Flora of Chin (1879). and Flora of Taiwan (1975-1979) respectively. Early, it was used with the name of Chi-Hsueh-Ts’ao of Herba Centellae Asiaticae on the Chinese ancient medicine book - Shen-Nung-PenTs’ao-Ching. But, it was used with the name of Lei-Kung-Ken of Herba Centellae Asiaticae on Taiwan many flora books recently. There were many confusions and uncertainties about the use of names and pictures for Herba Centellae Asiaticae on the traditional Chinese medicine books. For the same herb there were many different names in different areas. The result of this study confirms that the names of Chi-Hsueh-Ts’ao and Lei-Kung-Ken are for the same herb - Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. With the similar circular leaves, there are many herbs such as Herba Centellae Asiaticae, Herba Hydrocotylis Sibthorpioidis, Herba Hydrocotylis Nepalensis, Herba Dichondrae Micranthae, and Herba Glechomae Hederacea. They cause some misunderstandings and misuses in Taiwan. To distinguish these five chosen herbs, a list was provided with leaf configuration, leaf margin form, flower color and growth height characteristic on this paper.
  230. Cheng, M.J., Wu, M.D., Hsieh, S.Y., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, I.S., & Yuan, G.F. (2011). Constituents of the endophytic fungus Annulohypoxylon boveri var. microspora BCRC 34012. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 94(6), 1108–1114. [Ref]
    Abstract
    A new azaphilone metabolite with a new substitution pattern, named annulohypoxylin (1), together with twelve known compounds, were isolated from the BuOH-soluble fraction of the 95% EtOH extract of long-grain rice (Oryza sativa) fermented with the endophytic fungus Annulohypoxylon boveri var. microspora (BCRC 34012). Annulohypoxylin (1) contains a dihydrobenzofuran-2,4-dione backbone, 1-hydroxyoctyl side chain, and one γ-lactone ring. Its structure was determined on the basis of extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR analyses in combination with HR-ESI-MS. The relative configuration of 1 was confirmed by NOESY experiment. Other known compounds were identified by comparing their spectral data with those in the literature. All known compounds were isolated from this species for the first time.
  231. Cheng, M.J., Yang, P.H., Wu, M.D., Chen, I.S., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, Y.L., & Yuan, G.F. (2011). Secondary metabolites from the fungus Monascus purpureus and evaluation of their cytotoxic activity. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 94(9), 1638–1650. [Ref]
    Abstract
    Investigation of the 95% EtOH extract of red yeast rice fermented with the fungus Monascus purpureus BCRC 31615 has led to the isolation and structure elucidation of four new compounds, including one new azaphilone analog, monascuspurpurone (1), a new isocoumarin, monaschromone (2), a new furan-3-one derivative, 2-dodecyl-5-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methylfuran-3(2H)-one (3), and a new alkaloid, methyl 4-[(E)-2-acetyl-4-oxoundec-1-enyl]-6-propylnicotinate (4), together with seven known compounds. The structures of all isolates were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data. Compounds 1–4 were tested for their cytotoxicity against the MCF-7, NCI-H460, and SF-268 cell lines using the MTT (=3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. Among them, compounds 1 and 4 were found to have moderate cytotoxic effects against these three cell lines in vitro.
  232. Liu, S.L., Kuo, C.L., & Hsieh, M.T. (2012). Textual research for latin names and medicinal effects of medium grade drugs in Shennongbencaojing. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 23(2), 199-221. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Textual research for Shennongbencaojing was preceded in the study. The Top Grade Drugs in Shennongbencaojing were divided into 6 groups which were plant, mineral, animal, fish and shellfish, insect and other. Then the official botanical or zoological origin and pharmacological activities of them were studied. Each drug was arranged by order of formal Chinese name, pinyin, scientific name, common name, Latin name, pharmacological effects, other officinal medicinal origin and utilizing. The number of Top Grade Drugs in Sun’s edition was summed up to 142. There were 135 drugs of which their official medicinal origins were confirmed and approximately 126 drugs were edible or could be used for treatment. The result showed that: Some drugs might have different medicinal names by various used parts in ancient and modern times, such as: Fructus Leonuri v.s. Chinese motherwort, herb of Gastrodia elata v.s. Rhizoma Gastrodiae, herb of seedling of Ligusticum chuanxiong v.s. Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Fructus Rosae Multiflorae v.s. a species of rose of Rosa multiflora, seedling of Sesamum indicum v.s. sesame, Cortex Lycii Chinensis v.s. Fructus Lycii Chinensis, young tender fruit v.s. kernel or leaf (narcotics) of Cannabis sativa. Also, it was found that Fangku was ever misnamed; some herbs such as Guhuo, Bieji, Qucao and Huaimu could not be defined for lacking medicinal material source or having insubstantial medicinal purpose in the past dynasties. Some were usually used as medicines or foods now such as Chrysanthemum, Ginseng, Licorice root, Radix Rehmanniae Exsiccata, Nagaimo, Job's Tears, Field Penny-cress, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Astragali Mongholici, Chinese Senna, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Rougui, Poria, Cortex Acanthopanacis Gracilistyli, Chinese date, Mandarin orange, Indian Lotus, Jujube, Grape Vine, Foxnut, Sesame, Winter melon, Sowthistle, Cock, Snakeheads Fish and Honey. For some drug items, their shells were used in medicine such as oyster and sea clam. Some used calculus from cattle, took bile from carp or used colloid extracted by long-hour cooking from leather of deer and donkey. Cinnabar, a mineral medicine, was listed in forbidden drugs. The human hair carbides were rarely used nowadays.
    劉淑鈴、郭昭麟、謝明村(2012)。《神農本草經》上品藥拉丁名與藥效之本草考證。中醫藥雜誌，23:1 2012.06 [民 101.06]，51-72。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    本文擬進行《神農本草經》本草考證，首以「上品藥」，將其分為植物、礦石、動物、魚貝、昆蟲及其他 6 大類。並依中文名稱、英文拼音、學名、拉丁藥名、藥效、基原考證、使用情形等方式分別書寫。統計孫星衍、孫馮翼所輯上品藥收載有 142 種藥物，其中 135 種藥物基原已確定，126 種可藥用或食用。考證結果簡述如下：防葵基原曾被誤植。一物數名者：茺蔚子與益母草；赤箭與天麻；蘼蕪與芎藭；青蘘與胡麻；營實是野薔薇的果實；枸杞的根皮為地骨皮，果實為枸杞子；大麻幼嫩的果實為麻蕡。有名未用者：姑活、別羈、屈艸、淮木。現可藥用或食用者：菊華、人參、甘草、地黃、署預、薏苡仁、析蓂子、芎藭、黃耆、決明子、五味子、肉桂、枸杞子、茯苓、五加皮、酸棗仁、橘柚、藕實莖、大棗、葡萄、芡實、胡麻、瓜子、苦菜、雞、鱧魚、蜂蜜等。使用外殼者：牡蠣、海蛤、文蛤；牛黃取膽結石；鯉魚用膽汁；白膠、阿膠為鹿皮與驢皮；礦物類中丹沙已被禁用；發髲碳化物為罕用。
  233. Liu, S.L., Kuo, C.L., Ko, Y.J., & Hsieh, M.T. (2012). Textual research for latin names and medicinal effects of medium grade drugs in Shennongbencaojing. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 23(2), 199-221. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    In our previous research for Top Grade Drugs, Textual Research for Latin Names and Medicinal Effects of Top Grade Drugs in Shennongbencaojing, we have defined names by various used parts, corrected misnames, confirmed scientific names, gathered papers and evaluated utilization in medicine, which helped to achieve the internationalization of Chinese Medicine. This study was one of the sequels to textual research for Shennongbencaojing. The Medium Grade Drugs were divided, in the same way for Top Grade Drugs, into six groups and their drug numbers were also shown in the following order: Plant (74 drugs), Mineral (14 drugs), Animal (11 drugs), Fish and Shellfish (four drugs), Insect (eight drugs) and Other (three drugs). The number of Medium Grade Drugs in the Sun’s edition was summed up by us to 114 exactly. The 114 drugs were reclassified by us in this study although old classifications already existed in the Shennongbencaojing. Eight drugs were considered by us to be edible as daily food, such as: Ganjing (No. 1), Baihe (No. 14), Haizao (No. 36), Longyan (No. 62), Meishi (No. 66), Sumi (No. 69), Shumi (No. 70), and Xie (No. 73). Only for two drugs, Zishen (No. 28 of Plants) and Fuqing (No. 14 of Minerials), their scientific names have not yet been defined. All the other drugs can be used in medicine. The results fit the conception that “The Medium Grade Drugs are less often used as food and more often used to treat patients in medicine.” Moreover, some drugs (plant or mineral) although have same origin but their Chinese medicinal names are different from Chinese common names. Examples are Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim., Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) K. Schum., Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou, Mineral Ningshuishi, Vespertilio superans Thomas, Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune, Periplaneta americana L., and Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker. Finally, the edition of Shennongbencaojing compiled by Sun Xingyan and Sun Fengyi was still chosen as the foundation to complete this sequent Medium Grade Drugs textual research.
    劉淑鈴、郭昭麟、柯裕仁、謝明村 (2012)。《神農本草經》中品藥拉丁名與藥效之本草考證。中醫藥雜誌，23:2 2012.12 [民 101.12]，199-221。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    作者曾發表《神農本草經》「上品藥」拉丁名與藥效之本草考證，有助於中醫藥國際化。本文擬繼續進行「中品藥」的本草考證研究。首先仍將藥物分類為：植物（74 種）、礦石（14 種）、動物（11 種）、魚貝（4 種）、昆蟲（8 種）、其它（3 種）等六大類。考證結果「中品藥」共有 114 種藥物，其中可供日常食用的藥物約有 8 種（乾薑、百合、海藻、龍眼、梅實、粟米、黍米、薤），尚未被定義出基原者僅有 2 種（紫參、膚青），並無「有名未用」的藥物存在。結果與前已發表論文「上品藥」作比較，本研究符合「中品藥」的定義，即「食用者較少，但療病者漸深」。另各藥物具有相同基原者，羅列於下：乾薑-生薑、蠡實-馬藺子、積雪草-雷公根、秦茮-花椒、紫葳-凌霄花、白棘-酸棗、凝水石-寒水石、天鼠屎-夜明砂、烏賊魚骨-海螵蛸、蜚廉（蠊）-蟑螂、蟅蟲-地鱉蟲。本研究仍引用孫星衍與孫馮翼編著的《神農本草經》版本，作為藥物考證的來源依據。
  234. Cheng, M.J., Wu, M.D., Yuan, G.F., Chen, Y.L., Su, Y.S., Hsieh, M.T., & Chen, I.S. (2012). Secondary metabolites and cytotoxic activities from the endophytic fungus Annulohypoxylon squamulosum. Phytochemistry Letters, 5(1), 219–223. [Ref]
    Abstract
    One new dihydrobenzofuran-2,4-dione derivative, designated as annulosquamulin (1), together with 10 known compounds (2–11), were isolated from the n-BuOH-soluble fraction of the 95% EtOH extract of long-grain rice fermented with the endophytic fungus Annulohypoxylon squamulosum BCRC 34022, derived from the stem bark of medicinal plant Cinnamomum sp. Annulosquamulin (1) comprises one dihydrobenzofuran-2,4-dione skeleton, 1-hydroxydecyl side chain, and one γ-lactone ring. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analyses, particularly 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as HRESIMS. All known isolates except 11, were isolated for the first time from this species. In addition, isolated compounds (1–5) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against the MCF-7, NCI-H460 and SF-268 cell lines using the MTT assay.
  235. Wu, K.J., Hsieh, M.T., Wu, C.R., Wood, W., & Chen, Y.F. (2012). Green Tea Extract Ameliorates Learning and Memory Deficits in Ischemic Rats via Its Active Component Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-gallate by Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012(1), 163106. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Ischemic stroke results in brain damage and behavioral deficits including memory impairment. Protective effects of green tea extract (GTex) and its major functional polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on memory were examined in cerebral ischemic rats. GTex and EGCG were administered 1 hr before middle cerebral artery ligation in rats. GTex, EGCG, and pentoxifylline (PTX) significantly improved ishemic-induced memory impairment in a Morris water maze test. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were increased by long-term treatment with GTex and EGCG. Both compounds were also associated with reduced cerebral infraction breakdown of MDA and GSH in the hippocampus. In in vitro experiments, EGCG had anti-inflammatory effects in BV-2 microglia cells. EGCG inhibited lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced nitric oxide production and reduced cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in BV-2 cells. GTex and its active polyphenol EGCG improved learning and memory deficits in a cerebral ischemia animal model and such protection may be due to the reduction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
  236. Hsu, L.C., Ko, Y.J., Cheng, H.Y., Chang, C.W., Lin, Y.C., Cheng, Y.H., Hsieh, M.T., & Peng, W. (2012). Antidepressant-Like Activity of the Ethanolic Extract from Uncaria lanosa Wallich var. appendiculata Ridsd in the Forced Swimming Test and in the Tail Suspension Test in Mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012(1), 497302. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    This study investigated the antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of U. lanosa Wallich var. appendiculata Ridsd (ULEtOH) for two-weeks administrations by using FST and TST on mice. In order to understand the probable mechanism of antidepressant-like activity of ULEtOH in FST and TST, the researchers measured the levels of monoamines and monoamine oxidase activities in mice brain, and combined the antidepressant drugs (fluoxetine, imipramine, maprotiline, clorgyline, bupropion and ketanserin). Lastly, the researchers analyzed the content of RHY in the ULEtOH. The results showed that ULEtOH exhibited antidepressant-like activity in FST and TST in mice. ULEtOH increased the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, the levels of NE and MHPG in cortex and hippocampus, the level of NE in striatum, and the level of DOPAC in striatum. Two-week injection of IMI, CLO, FLU and KET enhanced the antidepressant-like activity of ULEtOH. ULEtOH inhibited the activity of MAO-A. The amount of RHY in ULEtOH was 17.12 mg/g extract. Our findings support the view that ULEtOH exerts antidepressant-like activity. The antidepressant-like mechanism of ULEtOH may be related to the increase in monoamines levels in the hippocampus, cortex, striatum, and hypothalamus of mice.
  237. Yeh, C.H., Hsieh, M.T., Hsueh, C.M., Wu, C.R., Huang, Y.C., Liao, J.W., & Chow, K.C. (2012). Therapeutic Effect of Yi-Chi-Tsung-Ming-Tang on Amyloid β1-40-Induced Alzheimer′ s Disease-Like Phenotype via an Increase of Acetylcholine and Decrease of Amyloid β. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012(1), 414536. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid accumulation, neuronal death, and cognitive impairments. Yi-Chi-Tsung-Ming-Tang (YCTMT) is a traditional Chinese medicine and has never been used to enhance cognitive function and treat neurodegenerative disorders such as senile dementia. Whether YCTMT has a beneficial role in improving learning and memory in AD patients remains unclear. The present study showed that oral administration of YCTMT ameliorated amyloid-β- (Aβ1−40) injection-induced learning and memory impairments in rats, examined using passive avoidance and Morris water-maze tests. Immunostaining and Western Blot results showed that continuous Aβ1−40 infusion caused amyloid accumulation and decreased acetylcholine level in hippocampus. Oral administration of medium and high dose of YCTMT 7 days after the Aβ1−40 infusion decreased amyloid accumulation area and reversed acetylcholine decline in the Aβ1−40-injected hippocampus, suggesting that YCTMT might inhibit Aβ plague accumulation and rescue reduced acetylcholine expression. This study has provided evidence on the beneficial role of YCTMT in ameliorating amyloid-induced AD-like symptom, indicating that YCTMT may offer an alternative strategy for treating AD.
  238. Lee, M.S., Chao, J., Yen, J.C., Lin, L.W., Tsai, F.S., Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., & Cheng, H.Y. (2012). Schizandrin protects primary rat cortical cell cultures from glutamate-induced apoptosis by inhibiting activation of the MAPK family and the mitochondria dependent pathway. Molecules, 18(1), 354–372. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity has been implicated in a variety of neuronal degenerative disorders. In the present study, we investigated the possible neuroprotective effects of schizandrin against apoptosis of primary cultured rat cortical cells induced by glutamate. Glutamate (10 μM) administered for 24 h decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL protein, whereas increased the expression of Bax, Bak, apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), endonuclease G (Nodo G) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress of caspase-12. Pretreatment with schizandrin (100 μM) before glutamate treatment increased the Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 expression and decreased Bax, Bak, AIF, Nodo G and caspase-12 compared with those only treated with glutamate. Furthermore, glutamate-induced phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and these effects were attenuated by schizandrin (100 μM) treatment. These results suggest that schizandrin possesses the neuroprotective effects. The molecular mechanisms of schizandrin against glutamate-induced apoptosis may involve the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins expression, and ER stress through blocking the activation of JNK, ERK and p38 MAPK.
  239. Chang, C.W., Chang, W.T., Liao, J.C., Chiu, Y.J., Hsieh, M.T., Peng, W.H., & Lin, Y.C. (2012). Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Methanol Extract of Cissus repens in Mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012(1), 135379. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The aim of this study was to investigate possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the CRMeOH. Analgesic effect was evaluated in two models including acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced paw licking. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by λ-carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema and histopathologic analyses. The results showed that CRMeOH (500 mg/kg) decreased writhing response in the acetic acid assay and licking time in the formalin test. CRMeOH (100 and 500 mg/kg) significantly decreased edema paw volume at 4th to 5th hours after λ-carrageenan had been injected. Histopathologically, CRMeOH abated the level of tissue destruction and swelling of the edema paws. These results were indicated that anti-inflammatory mechanism of CRMeOH may be due to declined levels of NO and MDA in the edema paw through increasing the activities of SOD, GPx, and GRd in the liver. Additionally, CRMeOH also decreased IL-1β, IL-6, NFκB, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS levels. The contents of two active ingredients, ursolic acid and lupeol, were quantitatively determined. This paper demonstrated possible mechanisms for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of CRMeOH and provided evidence for the classical treatment of Cissus repens in inflammatory diseases.
  240. Liu, S.L., Kuo, C.L., Ko, Y.J., & Hsieh, M.T. (2013). Textual research for latin names and medicinal effects of low grade drugs in Shennongbencaojing. Journal of Chinese Medicine, 24(1), 65-84. [Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The textual research for Latin names and medicinal effects of Shennongbencaojing, after Top Grade and Medium Grade, the Low Grade Drugs was studied. The Low Grade Drugs were divided, in the same way for Top and Medium Grade Drugs, into 6 groups and their drugs number were also shown in the following order: Plant (72 drugs), Mineral (7 drugs), Animal (6 drugs), Fish and Shellfish (2 drugs), Insect (14 drugs) and Other (2 drugs). The number of Low Grade Drugs in Sun’s edition was summed up to 103. In this study, many drugs were considered to be toxic such as: Aconitum carmichaeli (No. 1), Pinellia ternata (No. 4), Rheum palmatum (No. 7), Hyoscyamus niger (No. 10), Veratrum nigrum (No. 13), Gelsemium elegans (No. 14), Dichroa febrifuga (No. 17), Euphorbia pekinensis (No. 24), Agrimonia pilosa (No. 29), Rhododendron molle (No. 30), Phytolacca acinosa (No. 31) etc. They were also listed in the Poisonous Weeds Class of Compendium of Materia Medica. Modern research has confirmed that most of the Low Grade Drugs are toxic as well. For four drugs, Guanjun (No. 22), Yangtao (No. 37), Wujiu (No. 41) and Yaoshigen (No. 64) their botanical names have not yet been defined. Some drugs might have different medicinal names by various used parts but were originated in the same scientific name. For example, Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix, No. 1), Wutou (Aconiti Radix, No. 2) and Tianxiong (Radix Aconiti Singularis, No. 3) are originated from Aconitum carmichaeli. Hengshan (Radix Dichroae, No. 17) and Shuqi (Cacumen Dichroae Febrifugae, No. 18) are originated from Dichroa febrifuga. Fubi (flower, No. 69) and Choxiaodou (bean, in Medium Grade) are originated from Vigna umbellata. Moreover, there is one drug that its name does not match with its constituent. It is Fenxi (No. 4, in Minerals). This study was conducted with modern scientific academic skills and still based on Sun's edition of Shennongbencaojing which was examined thoroughly and faithfully. The conclusion conformed to the description of Low Grade Drugs in original Shennongbencaojing: “Drugs mainly used for treating disease, with more toxic, not suitable for long-term used”. We hope the completion of this textual research for Top, Medium, and Low Grade Drugs of Shennongbencaojing can help to promote the internationalization of Chinese medicine.
    劉淑鈴、郭昭麟、柯裕仁、謝明村 (2013)。《神農本草經》下品藥拉丁名與藥效之本草考證。中醫藥雜誌，24:1 2013.06 [民 102.06]，65-84。
    Abstract (Chinese)
    《神農本草經》的考證研究，已完成「上品藥」、「中品藥」，本次繼續進行「下品藥」之研究。首先仍將藥物分類為：植物（72 種）、礦石（7 種）、動物（6 種）、魚貝（2 種）、昆蟲（14 種）、其他（2 種）等六大類，共計「下品藥」有 103 種，其中許多藥物皆具有毒性，如烏頭、半夏、大黃、莨菪子、藜蘆、鉤吻、恆山、大戟、狼牙、羊躑躅、商陸等，也曾被列於《本草綱目》草部毒草類。《本經》「下品藥」據現代研究也證實，大多有毒，尚未被定義出基原者有 4 種：雚菌、羊桃、烏韭、藥實根；藥物「一物數名」具有相同基原者，如：烏頭-附子-天雄、恆山-蜀漆、腐婢-赤小豆；另「有名無實」1 種，粉錫。本考察「下品藥」類藥物，大部分為「多毒，主治病，不可久服」。《神農本草經》上、中、下三品皆以考證詳實的孫氏版為依據，並運用當今的學術文獻，完成《神農本草經》現代的藥物的考證，有助於中醫藥國際化。
  241. Lin, L.W., Kuo, Y.H., Hseu, Y., Tsai, C.W., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, S., Wu, C.R., & others (2013). Osthole Improves Spatial Memory Deficits in Rats via Hippocampal-Adrenergic and D 1/D 2 Receptors. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    The present study evaluated the effect of osthole, an active ingredient isolated from Cnidium monnieri L. Cusson, on spatial memory deficits caused by central neurotoxins using the Morris water maze in rats. The involvement of catecholaminergic receptors on the memory-enhancing effect of osthole in rat hippocampus was further investigated by intrahippocampal injection of catecholaminergic receptor antagonists. Intracisternal injection of osthole (10 μg/brain) improved the spatial performance and working memory impairments caused by the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. No significant differences in swimming speeds were observed among sham, neurotoxin-induced, and osthole-treated groups. Intracisternal osthole injection also attenuated the spatial performance and working memory impairments caused by the α1 receptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine, the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390, and the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride. Therefore, we demonstrated that the effect of osthole on improving spatial memory deficits may be related to the activation of hippocampal α1 and D1/D2 receptors.
  242. Cheng, M.J., Cheng, Y.C., Hsieh, M.T., Chen, I.S., Tseng, M., Yuan, G.F., & Chang, H.S. (2014). Chemical constituents of metabolites produced by the Actinomycete Acrocarpospora punica. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50, 606–610. [Ref]
    Abstract
    One new γ-butyrolactone derivative, acrocarpunilactone (1), was isolated and identified from the rice solidsubstrate fermentation culture of an actinomycete, Acrocarpospora punica, together with nine known compounds, hydroxychavicol acetate (2), 4-allylcatechol (3), trans-caffeic aldehyde (4), (–)-ent-4β-hydroxy-10α-methoxyaromadendrane (5), (6α,7α)-4β-hydroxy-10α-methoxyaromadendrane (6), futoamide (7), N-[8′-(4′-hydroxyphenylethyl)]-2-hydroxybenzoylamide (8), hemiariensin (9), and 3-ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (10). Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of some isolates (compounds 1–6) on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages were also evaluated. Compounds 1–3 showed stronger inhibition on NO production than the positive control quercetin.
  243. Chao, J., Huo, T.I., Cheng, H.Y., Tsai, J.C., Liao, J.W., Lee, M.S., Qin, X.M., Hsieh, M.T., Pao, L.H., & Peng, W.H. (2014). Gallic acid ameliorated impaired glucose and lipid homeostasis in high fat diet-induced NAFLD mice. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e96969. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Gallic acid (GA), a naturally abundant plant phenolic compound in vegetables and fruits, has been shown to have potent anti-oxidative and anti-obesity activity. However, the effects of GA on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of GA administration on nutritional hepatosteatosis model by a more “holistic view” approach, namely 1H NMR-based metabolomics, in order to prove efficacy and to obtain information that might lead to a better understanding of the mode of action of GA. Male C57BL/6 mice were placed for 16 weeks on either a normal chow diet, a high fat diet (HFD, 60%), or a high fat diet supplemented with GA (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, orally). Liver histopathology and serum biochemical examinations indicated that the daily administration of GA protects against hepatic steatosis, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and insulin resistance among the HFD-induced NAFLD mice. In addition, partial least squares discriminant analysis scores plots demonstrated that the cluster of HFD fed mice is clearly separated from the normal group mice plots, indicating that the metabolic characteristics of these two groups are distinctively different. Specifically, the GA-treated mice are located closer to the normal group of mice, indicating that the HFD-induced disturbances to the metabolic profile were partially reversed by GA treatment. Our results show that the hepatoprotective effect of GA occurs in part through a reversing of the HFD caused disturbances to a range of metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism (glycolysis and gluconeogenesis), amino acids metabolism, choline metabolism and gut-microbiota-associated metabolism. Taken together, this study suggested that a 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach is a useful platform for natural product functional evaluation. The selected metabolites are potentially useful as preventive action biomarkers and could also be used to help our further understanding of the effect of GA in hepatosteatosis mice.
  244. Tsai, J.C., Chiu, C.S., Chen, Y.C., Lee, M.S., Hao, X.Y., Hsieh, M.T., Kao, C.P., & Peng, W.H. (2017). Hepatoprotective effect of Coreopsis tinctoria flowers against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 1–9. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Coreopsis tinctoria is a traditional remedy for the management of various diseases including hepatitis. The hepatoprotective role of the plant is not scientifically explored till now. This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective potentials of the ethanol extract from C. tinctoria (CTEtOH) using an animal model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury.
  245. Chao, J., Dai, Y., Cheng, H.Y., Lam, W., Cheng, Y.C., Li, K., Peng, W.H., Pao, L.H., Hsieh, M.T., Qin, X.M., & others (2017). Improving the concentrations of the active components in the herbal tea ingredient, Uraria crinita: The effect of post-harvest oven-drying processing. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 38763. [Ref] [PDF]
    Abstract
    Uraria crinita is widely used as a popular folk drink; however, little is known about how the post-harvest operations affect the chemical composition and bioactivity of UC. We assessed three drying methods (Oven-drying, Air-drying, Sun-drying), as well as the Oven-drying temperature using metabolomics approaches and bioactivity assays. The samples processed at 40 degree show a greater effect on the levels of estrogen receptor-alpha activity and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 activity, anti-oxidative activity, and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition compared with the other samples. A multivariate analysis showed a clear separation between the 40 degree Oven-dried samples and the other samples, which is consistent with the results of bioactivity assay. These results are ascribed to at least two-fold increase in the concentrations of flavonoids, spatholosineside A and triterpenoids in the oven-dried samples compared with the other groups. The proposed Oven-drying method at 40 degree results in an improved quality of UC.
  246. 彭文煌、蔡仁傑、陳運捷、劉耿帆、游堃瓏、劉欣維、謝明村 (2018)。中藥製劑內容編修。中醫藥年報，7 2018.12 [民 107.12]，(23)1-(23)66。[Ref NCL] [PDF]
    Abstract (Chinese)
    • 目的: 本計畫擬透過四次中藥製劑小組專家委員會議擬定四個中藥濃縮製劑 TLC 鑑別方法及 HPLC 含量測定方法，修訂加味逍遙散濃縮製劑、黃芩濃縮製劑及中藥濃縮製劑通則之臺灣中藥典收載內容、訂定臺灣中藥典中藥濃縮製劑檢驗規格制訂工作技術指南。
    • 方法: 由計畫主持人就 2017 年度預定完成之工作項目收集相關文獻資料及實驗數據，再召開四次中藥製劑小組專家委員會議提案討論。
    • 結果: 經臺灣中藥典中藥製劑小組專家委員會議決議，今年度訂定甘草、大黃、半夏瀉心湯及小青龍湯濃縮製劑之 TLC 鑑別方法及 HPLC 指標成分含量測定方法、黃芩濃縮製劑及中藥濃縮製劑通則之臺灣中藥典收載內容、臺灣中藥典中藥濃縮製劑檢驗規格制訂工作技術指南。
    • 討論及結論:
      • 1. 制定甘草、大黃、半夏瀉心湯及小青龍湯濃縮製劑之 TLC 鑑別方法及 HPLC 指標成分含量測定方法。
      • 2. 臺灣中藥典擬先收載中藥單方及複方濃縮製劑為主，每年度收載品項將依健保使用排行及臺灣中藥典編修委員圈選結果擇定，傳統製劑納編暫不討論；建議可參考他國藥典現有之相關方法，以減少開發時程及經費。
      • 3. 完成確認黃芩濃縮製劑之臺灣中藥典收載內容、中藥濃縮製劑通則。
      • 4. 參加中醫臨床小組建議加味逍遙散濃縮製劑組成藥材中「煨薑」改為「煨薑或生薑」。本研究可提升臺灣中藥典收載內容的深度及廣度，未來有利於世界各國中藥製劑產業或主管機關之參閱和應用，讓臺灣中藥製劑產品更具國際競爭力。
    Peng, W.H., Tsai, J.C., Chen, Y.C., Liu, K.F., You, K.L., Liu, X.W., & Hsieh, M.T. (2018). Content Editing of Chinese Medicine Preparations. Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 7, (23)1-(23)66.
    Abstract
    • Objective: The aims of this study were intended to determine the methods of TLC identification and determination of indicator constituents of four traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concentrated preparations, modify the contents of the concentrated preparations of Jiawei Siaoyao San (JSS) and Huang-Cin (HC), general rule of TCM concentrated preparations, working guide of inspection specification of TCM concentrated preparations in Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopoeia (THP).
    • Methods: The host of the project collected the relevant literatures and experimental data according to the work scheduled should be finished during 2017 and then discussed the proposal through four expert panel meetings of Chinese medicine preparation group.
    • Results: According to the resolution of the expert meeting of TCM preparations of THP, this study has been developed the TLC identification method and HPLC method for determining the indicator constituent of concentrated preparations of Licorice (LCP), Rhubarb (RCP), Banxiaxiexin Decoction (BXXD) and Xiaoqinglong Decoction (XQLD), the content of HC and the general rules of TCM concentrated preparations, technical guidelines of specifications of TCM concentrated preparations in THP.
    • Discussion and conclusion:
      • 1. This study was established TLC identification method and HPLC method for the determination of the indicator constituent of LCP, RCP, BXXD and XQLD.
      • 2. THP will be intended to collect the TCM unilaterally and compound concentrated preparations, the annual collection of items will be ranked according to the use of health insurance and the selection of members of the THP. The traditional preparations are not discussed. This study could be referred to the methods of the other existing pharmacopoeias, in order to reduce developing time and funding.
      • 3. This study has been confirmed the contents of HC in THP, the general rules of TCM concentrated preparations and technical guidelines of specifications of TCM concentrated preparations.
      • 4. The host participated the TCM clinical subgroup meeting and recommend the simmer ginger of JSS to simmer ginger or ginger. This study could be enhanced the depth and breadth of content of THP. In the future, THP will be conducive to the reference and application of the TCM preparation industries or competent agencies in the world and make the products of TCM preparations in Taiwan more internationally competitive.